IQ.Pilot Prebuilt Release @ 27f668a

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IQ.Lvbs CI [bot]
2026-09-03 18:23:24 -05:00
commit b073c5182b
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from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable, cast
from dataclasses import dataclass
from tinygrad.helpers import prod, Target, EMULATED_DTYPES
from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp, sint, ssimplify, smin, GroupOp, PatternMatcher
from tinygrad.dtype import AddrSpace, DType, dtypes
from tinygrad.codegen.opt.tc import TensorCore
from tinygrad.device import Compiler
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Estimates:
# number of FLOPS used in the Kernel
ops:sint = 0
# bytes accessed in loads and stores
lds:sint = 0
# total bytes accessed, counting only once for bytes that are accessed multiple times
mem:sint = 0
def __add__(self, o:Estimates): return Estimates(self.ops + o.ops, self.lds + o.lds, self.mem + o.mem)
def simplify(self): return Estimates(ssimplify(self.ops), ssimplify(self.lds), ssimplify(self.mem))
@staticmethod
def from_uops(uops:tuple[UOp, ...], ignore_indexing=False) -> Estimates:
flops: sint = 0
lds: sint = 0
mem: dict[tuple[UOp, Ops], sint] = {}
mults: sint = 1
mult_stack: list[sint] = []
excluded: set[UOp] = set()
if ignore_indexing:
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK}:
excluded = excluded.union(set(UOp.sink(*u.src[1:]).toposort(lambda x: x.op is not Ops.END)))
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE}:
buf = u
while len(buf.src) and buf.op is not Ops.PARAM: buf = buf.src[0]
if buf.op is Ops.PARAM:
# u.src[0] is INDEX, cap at buffer size for re-reads (e.g. matmul)
accessed = mem.get((buf, u.op), 0) + u.src[0].max_numel() * u.src[0].dtype.scalar().itemsize * mults
mem[(buf, u.op)] = smin(accessed, buf.max_numel() * buf.dtype.scalar().itemsize)
if u.op is Ops.RANGE:
mult_stack.append(mults)
if u.dtype is not dtypes.void: # unbounded loop, unknown trip count
mults *= cast(sint, u.src[0].ssimplify())
# SPECIAL are already counted in mults
mults = mults.substitute({x:x.const_like(0) for x in mults.toposort() if x.op is Ops.SPECIAL}) if isinstance(mults, UOp) else mults
elif u.op is Ops.END: mults = mult_stack.pop(-1)
elif u.op is Ops.SPECIAL: mults *= cast(sint, u.src[0].ssimplify()) # NOTE: we don't push to the mult_stack here, you can't end these
elif u.op is Ops.PARAM and u.arg.addrspace == AddrSpace.ALU and u.expr == 'core_id': mults *= int(u.vmax) + 1
elif u.op is Ops.LOAD and u.src[0].addrspace != AddrSpace.REG:
lds += u.max_numel() * u.dtype.scalar().itemsize * mults
elif u.op is Ops.STORE and u.src[0].addrspace != AddrSpace.REG:
lds += u.max_numel() * u.src[1].dtype.scalar().itemsize * mults
elif u.op in GroupOp.ALU and u not in excluded:
flops += (mults * (2 if u.op is Ops.MULACC else 1)) * u.max_numel()
elif u.op is Ops.WMMA and u not in excluded:
flops += 2 * prod(u.arg[0]) // u.arg[3] * mults
return Estimates(flops, lds, sum(mem.values()))
class Renderer:
target: Target
suffix: str = ""
# TODO: make this generic with a list of supported types
supports_float4: bool = True
has_local: bool = True
has_threads: bool = False
has_shared: bool = True
# NOTE: these two should be in (x,y,z) order to match the max_sizes argument in get_grouped_dims
global_max: tuple[int, ...]|None = (0x8FFFFFFF,) * (3) # TODO: Ops.SPECIAL int32 indexes right now
local_max: tuple[int, ...]|None = (0x8FFFFFFF,) * (3) # TODO: Ops.SPECIAL int32 indexes right now
global_prod_max: tuple[int, ...]|None = None
shared_max: int = 32768
tensor_cores: list[TensorCore] = []
extra_matcher: PatternMatcher|None = None
code_for_op: dict[Ops, Callable] = {}
compiler: Compiler = Compiler()
def __init__(self, target:Target): self.target = target
def __reduce__(self): return self.__class__, (self.target,)
def render(self, uops:list[UOp]) -> str: raise NotImplementedError("needs a renderer")
def asm(self, prg:UOp, lin:UOp) -> bytes: raise NotImplementedError("needs an assembler")
def supported_dtypes(self) -> set[DType]:
# double can't be bitcast to anything without long support
return set(dtypes.all) - ({dtypes.double} if dtypes.long in EMULATED_DTYPES.tolist(dtypes) else set())

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# Instruction format detection and decoding
from __future__ import annotations
from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import Inst, FixedBitField, EnumBitField
# SDWA/DPP variant detection: src0 field (bits 0-8) encodes the variant
# 0xf9 (249) = SDWA, 0xfa (250) = DPP16 for CDNA (GFX9)
_VARIANT_SRC0 = {"_SDWA_SDST": 0xf9, "_SDWA": 0xf9, "_DPP16": 0xfa}
def _matches(data: bytes, cls: type[Inst]) -> bool:
"""Check if data matches all FixedBitFields and op is in allowed."""
for _, field in cls._fields:
dword_idx = field.lo // 32
if len(data) < (dword_idx + 1) * 4: return False
word = int.from_bytes(data[dword_idx*4:(dword_idx+1)*4], 'little')
field_lo = field.lo % 32
if isinstance(field, FixedBitField):
if ((word >> field_lo) & field.mask) != field.default: return False
if isinstance(field, EnumBitField) and field.allowed is not None:
try: opcode = field.decode((word >> field_lo) & field.mask)
except ValueError: return False # opcode not in enum
if opcode not in field.allowed: return False
# Check SDWA/DPP variant based on src0 field (bits 0-8) - only for variant classes
name = cls.__name__
word = int.from_bytes(data[:4], 'little')
for suffix, expected_src0 in _VARIANT_SRC0.items():
if name.endswith(suffix): return (word & 0x1ff) == expected_src0
return True
# Lazy-load instruction format tables to avoid circular imports (ins.py imports dsl.py which is in this package)
_FORMATS: dict[str, list[type[Inst]]] | None = None
def _load_formats() -> dict[str, list[type[Inst]]]:
global _FORMATS
if _FORMATS is not None: return _FORMATS
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import (VOP1, VOP1_SDST, VOP1_DPP16, VOP1_LIT, VOP2, VOP2_DPP16, VOP2_LIT, VOP3, VOP3_SDST,
VOP3SD, VOP3P, VOPC, VOPC_DPP16, VOPD, VINTERP, SOP1, SOP1_LIT, SOP2, SOP2_LIT, SOPC, SOPK, SOPK_LIT, SOPP, SMEM, DS, FLAT, GLOBAL,
SCRATCH)
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.ins import (VOP1 as R4_VOP1, VOP1_SDST as R4_VOP1_SDST, VOP1_DPP16 as R4_VOP1_DPP16,
VOP1_LIT as R4_VOP1_LIT, VOP2 as R4_VOP2, VOP2_DPP16 as R4_VOP2_DPP16, VOP2_LIT as R4_VOP2_LIT, VOP3 as R4_VOP3,
VOP3_SDST as R4_VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD as R4_VOP3SD, VOP3P as R4_VOP3P, VOPC as R4_VOPC, VOPC_DPP16 as R4_VOPC_DPP16,
VOPD as R4_VOPD, VINTERP as R4_VINTERP, SOP1 as R4_SOP1, SOP1_LIT as R4_SOP1_LIT,
SOP2 as R4_SOP2, SOP2_LIT as R4_SOP2_LIT, SOPC as R4_SOPC, SOPC_LIT as R4_SOPC_LIT,
SOPK as R4_SOPK, SOPK_LIT as R4_SOPK_LIT, SOPP as R4_SOPP,
SMEM as R4_SMEM, DS as R4_DS, VFLAT as R4_FLAT, VGLOBAL as R4_GLOBAL, VSCRATCH as R4_SCRATCH)
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.ins import (VOP1 as C_VOP1, VOP1_SDWA as C_VOP1_SDWA, VOP1_DPP16 as C_VOP1_DPP16,
VOP2 as C_VOP2, VOP2_LIT as C_VOP2_LIT, VOP2_SDWA as C_VOP2_SDWA, VOP2_DPP16 as C_VOP2_DPP16,
VOPC as C_VOPC, VOPC_SDWA_SDST as C_VOPC_SDWA_SDST,
VOP3 as C_VOP3, VOP3_SDST as C_VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD as C_VOP3SD, VOP3P as C_VOP3P, VOP3P_MFMA as C_VOP3P_MFMA, VOP3PX2 as C_VOP3PX2,
SOP1 as C_SOP1, SOP2 as C_SOP2, SOPC as C_SOPC, SOPK as C_SOPK, SOPK_LIT as C_SOPK_LIT, SOPP as C_SOPP, SMEM as C_SMEM, DS as C_DS,
FLAT as C_FLAT, GLOBAL as C_GLOBAL, SCRATCH as C_SCRATCH, MUBUF as C_MUBUF)
# Order matters: more specific encodings first, catch-alls (SOP2, VOP2) last
# Order: base before _LIT (base matches regular ops, _LIT catches lit-only ops excluded from base)
_FORMATS = {
"rdna3": [VOPD, VOP3P, VINTERP, VOP3SD, VOP3_SDST, VOP3, DS, GLOBAL, SCRATCH, FLAT, SMEM,
SOP1, SOP1_LIT, SOP2, SOP2_LIT, SOPC, SOPK, SOPK_LIT, SOPP, VOPC_DPP16, VOPC, VOP1_SDST, VOP1_DPP16, VOP1, VOP1_LIT,
VOP2_DPP16, VOP2, VOP2_LIT],
"rdna4": [R4_VOPD, R4_VOP3P, R4_VINTERP, R4_VOP3SD, R4_VOP3_SDST, R4_VOP3, R4_DS, R4_GLOBAL, R4_SCRATCH, R4_FLAT, R4_SMEM,
R4_SOP1, R4_SOP1_LIT, R4_SOPC, R4_SOPC_LIT, R4_SOPP, R4_SOPK, R4_SOPK_LIT, R4_VOPC_DPP16, R4_VOPC, R4_VOP1_SDST,
R4_VOP1_DPP16, R4_VOP1, R4_VOP1_LIT, R4_SOP2, R4_SOP2_LIT, R4_VOP2_DPP16, R4_VOP2, R4_VOP2_LIT],
"cdna": [C_VOP3PX2, C_VOP3P_MFMA, C_VOP3P, C_VOP3SD, C_VOP3_SDST, C_VOP3, C_DS, C_GLOBAL, C_SCRATCH, C_FLAT, C_MUBUF, C_SMEM,
C_SOP1, C_SOPC, C_SOPP, C_SOPK, C_SOPK_LIT, C_VOPC_SDWA_SDST, C_VOPC,
C_VOP1_DPP16, C_VOP1_SDWA, C_VOP1, C_VOP2_DPP16, C_VOP2_SDWA, C_SOP2, C_VOP2, C_VOP2_LIT],
}
return _FORMATS
def detect_format(data: bytes, arch: str = "rdna3") -> type[Inst]:
"""Detect instruction format from machine code bytes."""
assert len(data) >= 4, f"need at least 4 bytes, got {len(data)}"
for cls in _load_formats()[arch]:
if _matches(data, cls): return cls
raise ValueError(f"unknown {arch} format word={int.from_bytes(data[:4], 'little'):#010x}")
def decode_inst(data: bytes, arch: str = "rdna3") -> Inst:
"""Decode machine code bytes into an instruction."""
return detect_format(data, arch).from_bytes(data)

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# dsl.py - clean DSL for AMD assembly
from typing import Any
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Registers - unified src encoding space (0-511)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class Reg:
# Register names vary by arch: RDNA has NULL@124/M0@125, CDNA has M0@124/reserved@125
# RDNA4 has DPP8@233, CDNA has SDWA@249/DPP@250/VCCZ@251/EXECZ@252
_NAMES = {102: "FLAT_SCRATCH_LO", 103: "FLAT_SCRATCH_HI", 104: "XNACK_MASK_LO", 105: "XNACK_MASK_HI",
106: "VCC_LO", 107: "VCC_HI", 124: "NULL", 125: "M0", 126: "EXEC_LO", 127: "EXEC_HI",
233: "DPP8", 234: "DPP8FI", 235: "SHARED_BASE", 236: "SHARED_LIMIT", 237: "PRIVATE_BASE", 238: "PRIVATE_LIMIT",
240: "0.5", 241: "-0.5", 242: "1.0", 243: "-1.0", 244: "2.0", 245: "-2.0", 246: "4.0", 247: "-4.0",
248: "INV_2PI", 249: "SDWA", 250: "DPP", 251: "VCCZ", 252: "EXECZ", 253: "SCC", 254: "SRC_LDS_DIRECT", 255: "LIT"}
_PAIRS = {106: "VCC", 126: "EXEC"}
def __init__(self, offset: int = 0, sz: int = 512, *, neg: bool = False, abs_: bool = False, hi: bool = False):
self.offset, self.sz = offset, sz
self.neg, self.abs_, self.hi = neg, abs_, hi
def __hash__(self): return hash((self.offset, self.sz, self.neg, self.abs_, self.hi))
def __getitem__(self, key):
if isinstance(key, slice):
start, stop = key.start or 0, key.stop or (self.sz - 1)
if start < 0 or stop >= self.sz: raise RuntimeError(f"slice [{start}:{stop}] out of bounds for size {self.sz}")
return Reg(self.offset + start, stop - start + 1)
if key < 0 or key >= self.sz: raise RuntimeError(f"index {key} out of bounds for size {self.sz}")
return Reg(self.offset + key, 1)
def __eq__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Reg):
return (self.offset == other.offset and self.sz == other.sz and
self.neg == other.neg and self.abs_ == other.abs_ and self.hi == other.hi)
return NotImplemented
def __add__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, int): return Reg(self.offset + other, self.sz)
return NotImplemented
def __neg__(self) -> 'Reg': return Reg(self.offset, self.sz, neg=not self.neg, abs_=self.abs_, hi=self.hi)
def __abs__(self) -> 'Reg': return Reg(self.offset, self.sz, neg=self.neg, abs_=True, hi=self.hi)
@property
def h(self) -> 'Reg': return Reg(self.offset, self.sz, neg=self.neg, abs_=self.abs_, hi=True)
@property
def l(self) -> 'Reg': return Reg(self.offset, self.sz, neg=self.neg, abs_=self.abs_, hi=False)
def fmt(self, sz=None, parens=False, upper=False) -> str:
o, sz = self.offset, sz or self.sz
l, r = ("[", "]") if parens or sz > 1 else ("", "") # brackets for multi-reg or when parens=True
if 256 <= o < 512:
idx = o - 256
base = f"v{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"v[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
elif o < 106: base = f"s{l}{o}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"s[{o}:{o + sz - 1}]"
elif sz == 2 and o in self._PAIRS: base = self._PAIRS[o] if upper else self._PAIRS[o].lower()
elif o in self._NAMES: base = self._NAMES[o] if upper else self._NAMES[o].lower() # special regs (any sz)
elif 108 <= o < 124:
idx = o - 108
base = f"ttmp{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"ttmp[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
elif 128 <= o <= 192: base = str(o - 128) # inline int constants (0-64)
elif 193 <= o <= 208: base = str(-(o - 192)) # inline negative int constants (-1 to -16)
else: raise RuntimeError(f"unknown register: offset={o}, sz={sz}")
if self.hi: base += ".h"
if self.abs_: base = f"abs({base})" if upper else f"|{base}|"
if self.neg: base = f"-{base}"
return base
def __repr__(self): return self.fmt(parens=True, upper=True)
# Full src encoding space
src = Reg(0, 512)
# Slices for each region (inclusive end)
s = src[0:105] # SGPR0-105
VCC_LO = src[106]
VCC_HI = src[107]
VCC = src[106:107]
ttmp = src[108:123] # TTMP0-15
NULL = OFF = src[124]
M0 = src[125]
EXEC_LO = src[126]
EXEC_HI = src[127]
EXEC = src[126:127]
# 128: 0, 129-192: integers 1-64, 193-208: integers -1 to -16
# 240-248: float constants (0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -1.0, 2.0, -2.0, 4.0, -4.0, 1/(2*PI))
INV_2PI = src[248]
SDWA = src[249]
DPP = DPP16 = src[250]
VCCZ = src[251]
EXECZ = src[252]
SCC = src[253]
SRC_LDS_DIRECT = src[254]
LIT = src[255] # literal constant marker
v = src[256:511] # VGPR0-255
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# BitField
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class _Bits:
"""Helper for defining bit fields with slice syntax: bits[hi:lo] or bits[n]."""
def __getitem__(self, key) -> 'BitField': return BitField(key.start, key.stop) if isinstance(key, slice) else BitField(key, key)
bits = _Bits()
class BitField:
name: str | None
def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, default = 0):
self.hi, self.lo, self.default, self.name, self.mask = hi, lo, default, None, (1 << (hi - lo + 1)) - 1
def __set_name__(self, owner, name: str): self.name = name
def __eq__(self, other) -> 'FixedBitField': # type: ignore[override]
if isinstance(other, int): return FixedBitField(self.hi, self.lo, other)
raise TypeError(f"BitField.__eq__ expects int, got {type(other).__name__}")
def enum(self, enum_cls) -> 'EnumBitField': return EnumBitField(self.hi, self.lo, enum_cls)
def encode(self, val) -> int:
assert isinstance(val, int), f"BitField.encode expects int, got {type(val).__name__}"
return val
def decode(self, val): return val
def set(self, raw: int, val) -> int:
if val is None: val = self.default
encoded = self.encode(val)
# Handle signed values: convert negative to 2's complement
if encoded < 0: encoded = encoded & self.mask
if encoded < 0 or encoded > self.mask: raise RuntimeError(f"field '{self.name}': value {encoded} doesn't fit in {self.hi - self.lo + 1} bits")
return (raw & ~(self.mask << self.lo)) | (encoded << self.lo)
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
if obj is None: return self
return self.decode((obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask)
def __set__(self, obj, val): obj._raw = self.set(obj._raw, val)
class FixedBitField(BitField):
def set(self, raw: int, val=None) -> int:
assert val is None, f"FixedBitField does not accept values, got {val}"
return super().set(raw, self.default)
class EnumBitField(BitField):
def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, enum_cls, allowed: set | None = None):
super().__init__(hi, lo)
self._enum = enum_cls
self.allowed = allowed # if set, only these enum values are valid for this encoding
def encode(self, val) -> int:
if not isinstance(val, self._enum): raise RuntimeError(f"expected {self._enum.__name__}, got {type(val).__name__}")
if self.allowed is not None and val not in self.allowed:
raise RuntimeError(f"opcode {val.name} not allowed in this encoding")
return val.value
def decode(self, raw): return self._enum(raw)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Typed fields
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
import struct
def _f32(f: float) -> int: return struct.unpack('I', struct.pack('f', f))[0]
class SrcField(BitField):
_valid_range = (0, 511) # inclusive
_FLOAT_ENC = {0.5: 240, -0.5: 241, 1.0: 242, -1.0: 243, 2.0: 244, -2.0: 245, 4.0: 246, -4.0: 247}
def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, default=s[0]):
super().__init__(hi, lo, default)
expected_size = self._valid_range[1] - self._valid_range[0] + 1
actual_size = 1 << (hi - lo + 1)
if actual_size != expected_size:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}: field size {hi - lo + 1} bits ({actual_size}) "
f"doesn't match range {self._valid_range} ({expected_size})")
def encode(self, val) -> int:
"""Encode value. Returns 255 (literal marker) for out-of-range values."""
if isinstance(val, Reg): offset = val.offset
elif isinstance(val, float): offset = self._FLOAT_ENC.get(val, 255)
elif isinstance(val, int) and 0 <= val <= 64: offset = 128 + val
elif isinstance(val, int) and -16 <= val < 0: offset = 192 - val
elif isinstance(val, int): offset = 255 # literal
else: raise TypeError(f"invalid src value {val}")
if not (self._valid_range[0] <= offset <= self._valid_range[1]):
raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}: {val} (offset {offset}) out of range {self._valid_range}")
return offset - self._valid_range[0]
def decode(self, raw): return src[raw + self._valid_range[0]]
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
if obj is None: return self
reg = self.decode((obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask)
# Resize register based on operand info (skip non-resizable special registers)
# VCC/EXEC pairs (106, 126), NULL (124), M0 (125), float constants (240-255)
if reg.offset not in (124, 125) and not 240 <= reg.offset <= 255:
# Map variant field names (vsrc0->src0, vsrc1->src1, etc.) for DPP/SDWA classes
assert self.name is not None
name = self.name[1:] if self.name.startswith('v') and self.name[1:] in obj.op_regs else self.name
if sz := obj.op_regs.get(name, 1): reg = Reg(reg.offset, sz, neg=reg.neg, abs_=reg.abs_, hi=reg.hi)
return reg
class VGPRField(SrcField):
_valid_range = (256, 511)
def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, default=v[0]): super().__init__(hi, lo, default)
def encode(self, val) -> int:
if not isinstance(val, Reg): raise TypeError(f"VGPRField requires Reg, got {type(val).__name__}")
# For 8-bit vdst fields in VOP1/VOP2 16-bit ops, bit 7 is opsel for dest half
encoded = super().encode(val)
if val.hi and (self.hi - self.lo + 1) == 8:
if encoded >= 128:
raise ValueError(f"VGPRField: v[{encoded}].h not encodable in 8-bit field (v[0:127] only for .h)")
encoded |= 0x80
return encoded
class SGPRField(SrcField): _valid_range = (0, 127)
class SSrcField(SrcField): _valid_range = (0, 255)
class AlignedSGPRField(BitField):
"""SGPR field with alignment requirement. Encoded as sgpr_index // alignment."""
_align: int = 2
def encode(self, val):
if isinstance(val, int) and val == 0: return 0 # default: encode as s[0]
if not isinstance(val, Reg): raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} requires Reg, got {type(val).__name__}")
if not (0 <= val.offset < 128): raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} requires SGPR, got offset {val.offset}")
if val.offset & (self._align - 1): raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} requires {self._align}-aligned SGPR, got s[{val.offset}]")
return val.offset >> (self._align.bit_length() - 1)
def decode(self, raw): return src[raw << (self._align.bit_length() - 1)]
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
if obj is None: return self
reg = self.decode((obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask)
if sz := obj.op_regs.get(self.name, 1): reg = Reg(reg.offset, sz, neg=reg.neg, abs_=reg.abs_, hi=reg.hi)
return reg
class SBaseField(AlignedSGPRField): _align = 2
class SRsrcField(AlignedSGPRField): _align = 4
class VDSTYField(BitField):
"""VOPD vdsty: encoded = vgpr_idx >> 1. Actual vgpr = (encoded << 1) | ((vdstx & 1) ^ 1)."""
def encode(self, val):
if not isinstance(val, Reg): raise TypeError(f"VDSTYField requires Reg, got {type(val).__name__}")
if not (256 <= val.offset < 512): raise ValueError(f"VDSTYField requires VGPR, got offset {val.offset}")
return (val.offset - 256) >> 1
def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
if obj is None: return self
raw = (obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask
vdstx_bit0 = (obj.vdstx.offset - 256) & 1
vgpr_idx = (raw << 1) | (vdstx_bit0 ^ 1)
return Reg(256 + vgpr_idx, 1)
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Operand info from XML
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
import functools
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA3
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA4
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_CDNA
OPERANDS = {**OPERANDS_CDNA, **OPERANDS_RDNA3, **OPERANDS_RDNA4}
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Inst base class
# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def _needs_literal(val) -> bool:
"""Check if a value needs a literal constant (can't be encoded inline)."""
if val is None or isinstance(val, Reg): return False
if isinstance(val, float): return val not in SrcField._FLOAT_ENC
if isinstance(val, int): return not (0 <= val <= 64 or -16 <= val < 0)
return False
def _get_variant(cls, suffix: str):
"""Get a variant class by suffix (e.g., '_LIT') via module lookup."""
import sys
module = sys.modules.get(cls.__module__)
return getattr(module, f"{cls.__name__}{suffix}", None) if module else None
def _canonical_name(name: str) -> str | None:
"""Map operand name to canonical name."""
if name in ('src0', 'vsrc0', 'ssrc0'): return 's0'
if name in ('src1', 'vsrc1', 'ssrc1'): return 's1'
if name == 'src2': return 's2'
if name in ('vdst', 'sdst', 'sdata'): return 'd'
if name in ('data', 'vdata', 'data0', 'vsrc'): return 'data'
return None
class Inst:
_fields: list[tuple[str, BitField]]
_base_size: int
def __init_subclass__(cls):
# Collect fields from all parent classes, then override with this class's fields
inherited = {}
for base in reversed(cls.__mro__[1:]):
if hasattr(base, '_fields'):
inherited.update(dict(base._fields))
inherited.update({name: val for name, val in cls.__dict__.items() if isinstance(val, BitField)})
cls._fields = list(inherited.items())
cls._base_size = (max(f.hi for _, f in cls._fields) + 8) // 8
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
# Auto-upgrade to variant if needed (only for base classes, not variants)
if not any(cls.__name__.endswith(sfx) for sfx in ('_LIT', '_DPP16', '_DPP8', '_SDWA', '_SDWA_SDST', '_MFMA')):
args_iter = iter(args)
for name, field in cls._fields:
if isinstance(field, FixedBitField): continue
val = kwargs.get(name) if name in kwargs else next(args_iter, None)
if not isinstance(field, SrcField): continue
if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 255 and (lit_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_LIT')): return lit_cls(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 249:
if (sdwa_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_SDWA') or _get_variant(cls, '_SDWA_SDST')): return sdwa_cls(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 250 and (dpp_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_DPP16')): return dpp_cls(*args, **kwargs)
if _needs_literal(val) and (lit_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_LIT')): return lit_cls(*args, **kwargs)
return object.__new__(cls)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._raw = 0
# Map positional args to field names (skip FixedBitFields)
args_iter = iter(args)
vals: dict[str, Any] = {}
for name, field in self._fields:
if isinstance(field, FixedBitField): vals[name] = None
elif name in kwargs: vals[name] = kwargs[name]
else: vals[name] = next(args_iter, None)
assert not (remaining := list(args_iter)), f"too many positional args: {remaining}"
known_field_names = [name for name,field in self._fields if not isinstance(field, FixedBitField)]
for name in kwargs:
if name not in known_field_names: raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}() got an unexpected keyword argument {name!r}")
# Extract modifiers from Reg objects and merge into neg/abs/opsel
neg_bits, abs_bits, opsel_bits = 0, 0, 0
for name, bit in [('src0', 0), ('src1', 1), ('src2', 2)]:
if name in vals and isinstance(vals[name], Reg):
reg = vals[name]
if reg.neg: neg_bits |= (1 << bit)
if reg.abs_: abs_bits |= (1 << bit)
if reg.hi: opsel_bits |= (1 << bit)
if 'vdst' in vals and isinstance(vals['vdst'], Reg) and vals['vdst'].hi:
opsel_bits |= (1 << 3)
if neg_bits: vals['neg'] = (vals.get('neg') or 0) | neg_bits
if abs_bits: vals['abs'] = (vals.get('abs') or 0) | abs_bits
if opsel_bits: vals['opsel'] = (vals.get('opsel') or 0) | opsel_bits
# For _LIT classes, capture literal value from SrcFields that encode to 255
literal_val = None
for name, field in self._fields:
val = vals[name]
if isinstance(field, SrcField) and val is not None and _needs_literal(val):
literal_val = _f32(val) if isinstance(val, float) else val & 0xFFFFFFFF
if literal_val is not None and 'literal' in vals:
vals['literal'] = literal_val
# Set all field values
for name, field in self._fields:
self._raw = field.set(self._raw, vals[name])
# Validate register sizes against operand info (skip special registers like NULL, VCC, EXEC, SDWA/DPP markers)
for name, expected in self.op_regs.items():
if (val := vals.get(name)) is None: continue
if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.sz != expected and not (106 <= val.offset <= 127 or 249 <= val.offset <= 255):
raise TypeError(f"{name} expects {expected} register(s), got {val.sz}")
@property
def op_name(self) -> str: return getattr(self, 'op').name
@property
def operands(self) -> dict: return OPERANDS.get(getattr(self, 'op'), {}) if hasattr(self, 'op') else {}
def _is_cdna(self) -> bool: return 'cdna' in type(self).__module__
@functools.cached_property
def op_bits(self) -> dict[str, int]:
"""Get bit widths for each operand field, with WAVE32 and addr/saddr adjustments."""
if not hasattr(self, 'op'): return {k: v[1] for k, v in self.operands.items()}
bits = {k: v[1] for k, v in self.operands.items()}
# RDNA (WAVE32): condition masks, carry flags, and compare results are 32-bit
if not self._is_cdna():
name = self.op_name.lower()
if 'cndmask' in name and 'src2' in bits: bits['src2'] = 32
if '_co_ci_' in name and 'src2' in bits: bits['src2'] = 32 # carry-in source
# VOP3SD: sdst is always wavefront-size dependent (carry-out or condition mask)
if 'VOP3SD' in type(self).__name__ and 'sdst' in bits: bits['sdst'] = 32
if 'cmp' in name and 'vdst' in bits: bits['vdst'] = 32
# GLOBAL/FLAT: addr is 32-bit if saddr is valid SGPR, 64-bit if saddr is NULL
# SCRATCH: addr is always 32-bit (offset from scratch base, not absolute address)
if 'addr' in bits and (saddr_field := getattr(type(self), 'saddr', None)) and type(self).__name__ not in ('SCRATCH', 'VSCRATCH'):
saddr_val = (self._raw >> saddr_field.lo) & saddr_field.mask # access _raw directly to avoid recursion
bits['addr'] = 64 if saddr_val in (124, 125) else 32 # 124=NULL, 125=M0
# MUBUF/MTBUF: vaddr size depends on offen/idxen (1 or 2 regs)
if 'vaddr' in bits and hasattr(self, 'offen') and hasattr(self, 'idxen'):
bits['vaddr'] = max(1, self.offen + self.idxen) * 32
# F8F6F4 MFMA: CBSZ selects matrix A format, BLGP selects matrix B format
# VGPRs: FP8/BF8(0,1)=8, FP6/BF6(2,3)=6, FP4(4)=4
if 'f8f6f4' in getattr(self, 'op_name', '').lower():
# Use explicit fields if available (VOP3PX2), else extract from VOP3P-MAI bit positions
cbsz = getattr(self, 'cbsz') if hasattr(type(self), 'cbsz') else (self._raw >> 8) & 0x7
blgp = getattr(self, 'blgp') if hasattr(type(self), 'blgp') else (self._raw >> 61) & 0x7
vgprs = {0: 8, 1: 8, 2: 6, 3: 6, 4: 4}
bits['src0'], bits['src1'] = vgprs.get(cbsz, 8) * 32, vgprs.get(blgp, 8) * 32
return bits
@property
def op_regs(self) -> dict[str, int]:
"""Get register counts for each operand field."""
return {k: max(1, v // 32) for k, v in self.op_bits.items()}
@functools.cached_property
def canonical_op_bits(self) -> dict[str, int]:
"""Get bit widths with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
bits = {'d': 32, 's0': 32, 's1': 32, 's2': 32, 'data': 32}
for name, val in self.op_bits.items():
if (cn := _canonical_name(name)): bits[cn] = val
return bits
@functools.cached_property
def canonical_operands(self) -> dict:
"""Get operands with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
result = {}
for name, val in self.operands.items():
if (cn := _canonical_name(name)): result[cn] = val
return result
@property
def canonical_op_regs(self) -> dict[str, int]:
"""Get register counts with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
return {k: max(1, v // 32) for k, v in self.canonical_op_bits.items()}
def num_srcs(self) -> int:
"""Get number of source operands from operand info."""
ops = self.operands
if 'src2' in ops: return 3
if 'src1' in ops or 'vsrc1' in ops or 'ssrc1' in ops: return 2
if 'src0' in ops or 'vsrc0' in ops or 'ssrc0' in ops: return 1
return 0
@classmethod
def _size(cls) -> int: return cls._base_size
def size(self) -> int: return self._base_size
def disasm(self) -> str: raise NotImplementedError("disasm is no longer supported")
def to_bytes(self) -> bytes: return self._raw.to_bytes(self._base_size, 'little')
@property
def _literal(self) -> int | None:
"""Get the literal value if this instruction has one."""
return getattr(self, 'literal', None)
def _variant_suffix(self) -> str | None:
"""Check if instruction needs a variant class (_LIT, _DPP8, _DPP16, _SDWA). Returns suffix or None."""
cls_name = type(self).__name__
# Don't check for variants if we're already a variant class
if any(s in cls_name for s in ('_LIT', '_DPP8', '_DPP16', '_SDWA')): return None
# VOPD: FMAMK/FMAAK opcodes always require literal (check by name since enum may differ across archs)
for name in ('opx', 'opy'):
if hasattr(self, name) and any(x in getattr(self, name).name for x in ('FMAMK', 'FMAAK')): return '_LIT'
for name, field in self._fields:
if isinstance(field, SrcField):
off = getattr(self, name).offset
if off == 255: return '_LIT'
if off == 249: return '_SDWA' if self._is_cdna() else '_DPP8'
if off == 250: return '_DPP16'
return None
@classmethod
def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes):
inst = object.__new__(cls)
inst._raw = int.from_bytes(data[:cls._base_size], 'little')
# Upgrade to variant class if needed (_LIT, _DPP8, _DPP16, _SDWA)
if (suffix := inst._variant_suffix()) and (var_cls := _get_variant(cls, suffix)) is not None:
return var_cls.from_bytes(data)
return inst
def __eq__(self, other): return type(self) is type(other) and self._raw == other._raw
def __hash__(self): return hash((type(self), self._raw))
def __repr__(self):
# collect (repr, is_default) pairs, strip trailing defaults so repr roundtrips with eval
name = self.op.name.lower() if hasattr(self, 'op') else type(self).__name__
parts = [(repr(v := getattr(self, n)), v == f.default) for n, f in self._fields if n != 'op' and not isinstance(f, FixedBitField)]
while parts and parts[-1][1]: parts.pop()
return f"{name}({', '.join(p[0] for p in parts)})"

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# minimal amdgpu elf packer
import ctypes
from tinygrad.dtype import AddrSpace
from tinygrad.helpers import ceildiv, round_up
from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import amdgpu_kd, hsa, libc
from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import Reg, FixedBitField
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import OpType
# instructions used for padding
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import s_code_end # same encoding as RDNA4
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.ins import s_nop as s_nop_cdna
_arch_map = {"gfx9": "cdna", "gfx10": "rdna3", "gfx11": "rdna3", "gfx12": "rdna4"}
def assemble_linear(prg:UOp, lin:UOp, arch:str) -> bytes:
insts = [u.arg for u in lin.src]
# ** scan for max vgpr/sgpr/accvgpr
max_vgpr, max_sgpr, max_accvgpr = 0, 0, 0
_ACCVGPR_TYPES = {OpType.OPR_ACCVGPR, OpType.OPR_SRC_ACCVGPR}
for inst in insts:
# build set of field names that are AccVGPR for this instruction
accvgpr_fields: set[str] = set()
for opr_name, (_, _, opr_type) in inst.operands.items():
if opr_type in _ACCVGPR_TYPES: accvgpr_fields.add(opr_name)
elif opr_type in {OpType.OPR_VGPR_OR_ACCVGPR, OpType.OPR_SRC_VGPR_OR_ACCVGPR, OpType.OPR_SRC_VGPR_OR_ACCVGPR_OR_CONST}:
if getattr(inst, 'acc_cd', 0) == 1: accvgpr_fields.add(opr_name)
for name, field in inst._fields:
if isinstance(field, FixedBitField): continue
val = getattr(inst, name)
if not isinstance(val, Reg): continue
if 256 <= val.offset < 512:
if name in accvgpr_fields: max_accvgpr = max(max_accvgpr, (val.offset - 256) + val.sz)
else: max_vgpr = max(max_vgpr, (val.offset - 256) + val.sz)
elif val.offset < 106: max_sgpr = max(max_sgpr, val.offset + val.sz)
# ** scan sink for metadata
sink, param_sizes, lds_size, gids = prg.src[0], {}, 0, set()
for u in sink.toposort():
if u.op is Ops.PARAM: param_sizes[u.arg.slot] = u.dtype.itemsize if u.addrspace is AddrSpace.ALU else 8
elif u.op is Ops.BUFFER and u.addrspace is AddrSpace.LOCAL: lds_size += u.max_numel() * u.dtype.itemsize
elif u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg.startswith("gidx"): gids.add(int(u.arg[-1]))
code_bytes = b"".join(inst.to_bytes() for inst in insts)
arch = next(v for k, v in _arch_map.items() if arch.startswith(k))
is_cdna, is_rdna4 = arch == "cdna", arch == "rdna4"
# ** pad text to ISA alignment
padding_inst = (s_nop_cdna(0) if is_cdna else s_code_end()).to_bytes()
text = code_bytes + padding_inst * ((hsa.AMD_ISA_ALIGN_BYTES - len(code_bytes) % hsa.AMD_ISA_ALIGN_BYTES) % hsa.AMD_ISA_ALIGN_BYTES)
text_offset = round_up(ctypes.sizeof(libc.Elf64_Ehdr), hsa.AMD_ISA_ALIGN_BYTES)
# ** pack kernel descriptor (rodata)
# CDNA: total VGPRs = regular VGPRs + AccVGPRs, each rounded to granularity of 4
accum_offset = round_up(max_vgpr, 4) if max_accvgpr > 0 else 0
next_free_vgpr = round_up(accum_offset + max_accvgpr, 8) if max_accvgpr > 0 else round_up(max_vgpr, 8)
next_free_sgpr = round_up(max_sgpr, 8)
vgpr_granule = max(0, (next_free_vgpr + 7) // 8 - 1)
# CDNA: add 6 for VCC(2) + FLAT_SCRATCH(2) + XNACK_MASK(2), next_free_sgpr is unused in RDNA.
sgpr_granule = max(0, ceildiv(next_free_sgpr + 6, 8) - 1) if is_cdna else 0
desc = amdgpu_kd.llvm_amdhsa_kernel_descriptor_t()
desc.group_segment_fixed_size = lds_size
for sz in (param_sizes[i] for i in sorted(param_sizes)): desc.kernarg_size = round_up(desc.kernarg_size, sz) + sz
desc.kernel_code_entry_byte_offset = -len(text)
# https://llvm.org/docs/AMDGPUUsage.html#amdgpu-amdhsa-compute-pgm-rsrc1-gfx6-gfx12-table
# NOTE: CU mode is the default
desc.compute_pgm_rsrc1 = (vgpr_granule << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_GRANULATED_WORKITEM_VGPR_COUNT_SHIFT |
sgpr_granule << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_GRANULATED_WAVEFRONT_SGPR_COUNT_SHIFT |
3 << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_FLOAT_DENORM_MODE_16_64_SHIFT |
(0 if is_rdna4 else 1) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_GFX6_GFX11_ENABLE_DX10_CLAMP_SHIFT |
(0 if is_rdna4 else 1) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_GFX6_GFX11_ENABLE_IEEE_MODE_SHIFT |
(0 if is_cdna else 1) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC1_GFX10_PLUS_MEM_ORDERED_SHIFT)
desc.compute_pgm_rsrc2 = (2 << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2_USER_SGPR_COUNT_SHIFT |
int(0 in gids) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_X_SHIFT |
int(1 in gids) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_Y_SHIFT |
int(2 in gids) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_Z_SHIFT)
desc.kernel_code_properties = (1 << amdgpu_kd.KERNEL_CODE_PROPERTY_ENABLE_SGPR_KERNARG_SEGMENT_PTR_SHIFT |
(0 if is_cdna else 1) << amdgpu_kd.KERNEL_CODE_PROPERTY_ENABLE_WAVEFRONT_SIZE32_SHIFT)
if is_cdna and max_accvgpr > 0:
desc.compute_pgm_rsrc3 = max(0, accum_offset // 4 - 1) << amdgpu_kd.COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC3_GFX90A_ACCUM_OFFSET_SHIFT
rodata = bytes(desc)
# ** pack ELF
sh_names:list[int] = []
strtab = bytearray(b"\x00")
for name in [".text", ".rodata", ".strtab"]:
sh_names.append(len(strtab))
strtab += name.encode("ascii") + b"\x00"
rodata_offset = round_up(text_offset + (text_size := len(text)), hsa.AMD_KERNEL_CODE_ALIGN_BYTES)
strtab_offset = rodata_offset + (rodata_size := len(rodata))
shdr_offset = strtab_offset + (strtab_size := len(strtab))
sections = [(libc.SHT_PROGBITS, libc.SHF_ALLOC | libc.SHF_EXECINSTR, text_offset, text_offset, text_size),
(libc.SHT_PROGBITS, libc.SHF_ALLOC, rodata_offset, rodata_offset, rodata_size),
(libc.SHT_STRTAB, 0, 0, strtab_offset, strtab_size)]
shdrs = (libc.Elf64_Shdr * len(sections))()
for i, s in enumerate(sections): shdrs[i] = libc.Elf64_Shdr(sh_names[i], *s)
ehdr = libc.Elf64_Ehdr()
ehdr.e_ident[:5], ehdr.e_shoff, ehdr.e_shnum, ehdr.e_shstrndx = b"\x7FELF\x02", shdr_offset, len(sections), 2
elf = bytearray(shdr_offset + ctypes.sizeof(shdrs))
elf[0:ctypes.sizeof(ehdr)] = bytes(ehdr)
elf[text_offset:text_offset+text_size] = text
elf[rodata_offset:rodata_offset+rodata_size] = rodata
elf[strtab_offset:strtab_offset+strtab_size] = strtab
elf[shdr_offset:shdr_offset+ctypes.sizeof(shdrs)] = bytes(shdrs)
binary = bytes(elf)
return binary

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# AMD ISA code generator - generates enum.py, ins.py, operands.py, str_pcode.py
# Sources: XML from https://gpuopen.com/download/machine-readable-isa/latest/
# PDF manuals from AMD documentation
import re, zlib, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET, zipfile, pathlib
from tinygrad.helpers import fetch
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Configuration
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
ARCHS = {
"rdna3": {"xml": "amdgpu_isa_rdna3_5.xml", "pdf": "https://docs.amd.com/api/khub/documents/UVVZM22UN7tMUeiW_4ShTQ/content"},
"rdna4": {"xml": "amdgpu_isa_rdna4.xml", "pdf": "https://docs.amd.com/api/khub/documents/uQpkEvk3pv~kfAb2x~j4uw/content"},
"cdna": {"xml": "amdgpu_isa_cdna4.xml", "pdf": "https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/instinct-tech-docs/instruction-set-architectures/amd-instinct-cdna4-instruction-set-architecture.pdf"},
}
# Pin the September 2025 XML bundle because newer `latest` changed WMMA format bit sizes across archs and breaks generation.
XML_URL = "https://gpuopen.com/download/AMD_GPU_MR_ISA_XML_2025_09_05.zip"
# Map XML encoding names to codebase names
NAME_MAP = {"VOP3_SDST_ENC": "VOP3SD", "VOP3_SDST_ENC_LIT": "VOP3SD_LIT", "VOP3_SDST_ENC_DPP16": "VOP3SD_DPP16",
"VOP3_SDST_ENC_DPP8": "VOP3SD_DPP8", "VOPDXY": "VOPD", "VOPDXY_LIT": "VOPD_LIT", "VDS": "DS"}
# Instructions missing from XML but present in PDF
FIXES = {"rdna3": {"SOPK": {22: "S_SUBVECTOR_LOOP_BEGIN", 23: "S_SUBVECTOR_LOOP_END"}, "FLAT": {55: "FLAT_ATOMIC_CSUB_U32"}},
"rdna4": {"SOP1": {80: "S_GET_BARRIER_STATE", 81: "S_BARRIER_INIT", 82: "S_BARRIER_JOIN"}, "SOPP": {9: "S_WAITCNT", 21: "S_BARRIER_LEAVE"}},
"cdna": {"DS": {152: "DS_GWS_SEMA_RELEASE_ALL", 154: "DS_GWS_SEMA_V", 156: "DS_GWS_SEMA_P"},
"VOP3P": {44: "V_MFMA_LD_SCALE_B32", 62: "V_MFMA_F32_16X16X8_XF32", 63: "V_MFMA_F32_32X32X4_XF32"}}}
# Fields missing from XML but present in hardware (format: {arch: {encoding: [(name, hi, lo), ...]}})
FIELD_FIXES = {"cdna": {"VOP3P": [("opsel_hi2", 14, 14)]}}
# Encoding suffixes to strip (variants we don't generate separate classes for)
_ENC_SUFFIXES = ("_NSA1",)
# Encoding suffix to class suffix mapping (for variants we DO generate)
_ENC_SUFFIX_MAP = {"_INST_LITERAL": "_LIT", "_VOP_DPP16": "_DPP16", "_VOP_DPP": "_DPP16", "_VOP_DPP8": "_DPP8",
"_VOP_SDWA": "_SDWA", "_VOP_SDWA_SDST_ENC": "_SDWA_SDST", "_MFMA": "_MFMA"}
# Field name normalization
_FIELD_RENAMES = {"opsel_hi_2": "opsel_hi2", "op_sel_hi_2": "opsel_hi2", "op_sel": "opsel", "bound_ctrl": "bc",
"tgt": "target", "row_en": "row", "unorm": "unrm", "clamp": "clmp", "wait_exp": "waitexp",
"simm32": "literal", "dpp_ctrl": "dpp", "acc_cd": "acc_cd", "acc": "acc",
"dst_sel": "dst_sel", "dst_unused": "dst_unused", "src0_sel": "src0_sel", "src1_sel": "src1_sel"}
# Encoding variants to skip entirely (NSA is for MIMG graphics instructions)
_SKIP_ENCODINGS = ("NSA",)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# XML parsing helpers
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def _strip_enc(name: str) -> str:
"""Strip ENC_ prefix and normalize encoding suffixes."""
name = name.removeprefix("ENC_")
for sfx in _ENC_SUFFIXES: name = name.replace(sfx, "")
# Process longer suffixes first to avoid partial matches (e.g., _VOP_DPP8 before _VOP_DPP)
for old, new in sorted(_ENC_SUFFIX_MAP.items(), key=lambda x: -len(x[0])): name = name.replace(old, new)
return name
def _norm_field(name: str) -> str:
"""Normalize field name to match expected names."""
for old, new in _FIELD_RENAMES.items(): name = name.replace(old, new)
return name
def _map_flat(enc_name: str, instr_name: str) -> str:
"""Map FLAT/GLOBAL/SCRATCH encoding to correct enum based on instruction prefix."""
if enc_name in ("FLAT_GLBL", "FLAT_GLOBAL"): return "GLOBAL"
if enc_name == "FLAT_SCRATCH": return "SCRATCH"
if enc_name in ("FLAT", "VFLAT", "VGLOBAL", "VSCRATCH"):
v = "V" if enc_name.startswith("V") else ""
if instr_name.startswith("GLOBAL_"): return f"{v}GLOBAL"
if instr_name.startswith("SCRATCH_"): return f"{v}SCRATCH"
return f"{v}FLAT"
return enc_name
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# XML parsing
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def parse_xml(filename: str):
root = ET.fromstring(zipfile.ZipFile(fetch(XML_URL)).read(filename))
encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set = {}, {}, {}, {}, set()
# Extract HWREG and MSG enums from OperandTypes
op_enum_map = {("OPR_HWREG", "ID"): "HWREG", ("OPR_SENDMSG_RTN", "MSG"): "MSG"}
for ot in root.findall(".//OperandTypes/OperandType"):
ot_name = ot.findtext("OperandTypeName")
for field in ot.findall(".//Field"):
key = (ot_name, field.findtext("FieldName"))
if (enum_name := op_enum_map.get(key)): # type: ignore[arg-type]
def _pv_val(pv: ET.Element) -> tuple[int, str]:
v, n = pv.findtext("Value"), pv.findtext("Name")
assert v is not None and n is not None
return int(v), n.upper()
enums[enum_name] = dict(_pv_val(pv) for pv in field.findall(".//PredefinedValue"))
# Extract DataFormats with BitCount
for df in root.findall("ISA/DataFormats/DataFormat"):
name, bits = df.findtext("DataFormatName"), df.findtext("BitCount")
if name and bits: fmts[name] = int(bits)
# Extract encoding definitions
for enc in root.findall("ISA/Encodings/Encoding"):
name = enc.findtext("EncodingName")
assert name is not None
is_base = name.startswith("ENC_") or name in ("VOP3_SDST_ENC", "VOPDXY")
is_variant = any(sfx in name for sfx in _ENC_SUFFIX_MAP)
if not is_base and not is_variant: continue
if any(s in name for s in _SKIP_ENCODINGS): continue
fields: list[tuple[str, int, int]] = []
for f in enc.findall(".//MicrocodeFormat/BitMap/Field"):
br = f.find("BitLayout/Range")
if br is None: continue
fn = f.findtext("FieldName")
assert fn is not None
fields.append((_norm_field(fn.lower()),
int(br.findtext("BitOffset") or 0) + int(br.findtext("BitCount") or 0) - 1, int(br.findtext("BitOffset") or 0)))
ident_list = enc.findall("EncodingIdentifiers/EncodingIdentifier")
ident = ident_list[0] if ident_list else None
enc_field = next((f for f in fields if f[0] == "encoding"), None)
# For multi-dword formats, encoding field may be in higher dword but identifier is always in dword0; use % 32
enc_bits: str | None = None
if ident is not None and ident.text is not None and enc_field:
enc_bits = "".join(ident.text[len(ident.text)-1-b] for b in range(enc_field[1] % 32, (enc_field[2] % 32)-1, -1))
base_name = _strip_enc(name)
encodings[NAME_MAP.get(base_name, base_name)] = (fields, enc_bits)
# Extract instruction opcodes and operand info
# Track which encodings each opcode appears in (for detecting LIT-only ops)
opcode_encs: dict[str, dict[int, set[str]]] = {} # {base_fmt: {opcode: {enc_names}}}
for instr in root.findall("ISA/Instructions/Instruction"):
name = instr.findtext("InstructionName")
assert name is not None
for enc in instr.findall("InstructionEncodings/InstructionEncoding"):
if enc.findtext("EncodingCondition") != "default": continue
enc_enc_name = enc.findtext("EncodingName")
assert enc_enc_name is not None
base, opcode = _map_flat(_strip_enc(enc_enc_name), name), int(enc.findtext("Opcode") or 0)
enc_name = NAME_MAP.get(base, base)
# Encoding variants use the same Op enum as the base format
base_enum = enc_name
for sfx in ("_SDWA_SDST", "_DPP16", "_DPP8", "_SDWA", "_LIT", "_MFMA"):
base_enum = base_enum.replace(sfx, "")
# Track which encodings this opcode appears in
opcode_encs.setdefault(base_enum, {}).setdefault(opcode, set()).add(enc_name)
# ADDTID instructions go in both FLAT and GLOBAL enums (pcode uses FLATOp for these)
if "ADDTID" in name:
if base == "GLOBAL": enums.setdefault("FLAT", {})[opcode] = name
elif base == "VGLOBAL": enums.setdefault("VFLAT", {})[opcode] = name
enums.setdefault(base_enum, {})[opcode] = name
# Extract operand info
op_info: dict[str, tuple[str | None, int, str | None]] = {}
for op in enc.findall("Operands/Operand"):
fn = op.findtext("FieldName")
if fn: op_info[fn.lower()] = (op.findtext("DataFormatName"), int(op.findtext("OperandSize") or 0), op.findtext("OperandType"))
for fmt, _, otype in op_info.values():
if fmt and fmt not in fmts: fmts[fmt] = 0
if otype: op_types_set.add(otype)
if op_info: types[(name, base_enum)] = op_info
# Find opcodes that only exist in a specific variant encoding (no base format version)
suffix_only_ops: dict[str, dict[str, set[int]]] = {} # {suffix: {base_fmt: {opcodes}}}
for base_fmt, opcodes in opcode_encs.items():
for opcode, encs in opcodes.items():
suffix = next((s for s in _ENC_SUFFIX_MAP.values() if all(s in e for e in encs)), None)
if suffix is not None: suffix_only_ops.setdefault(suffix, {}).setdefault(base_fmt, set()).add(opcode)
return encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set, suffix_only_ops
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PDF parsing
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def extract_pdf_text(url: str) -> list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]]:
"""Extract positioned text from PDF. Returns list of text elements (x, y, text, font) per page."""
data = fetch(url).read_bytes()
# Parse xref table to locate objects
xref: dict[int, int] = {}
xref_match = re.search(rb'startxref\s+(\d+)', data)
assert xref_match is not None
pos = int(xref_match.group(1)) + 4
while data[pos:pos+7] != b'trailer':
while data[pos:pos+1] in b' \r\n': pos += 1
line_end = data.find(b'\n', pos)
start_obj, count = map(int, data[pos:line_end].split()[:2])
pos = line_end + 1
for i in range(count):
if data[pos+17:pos+18] == b'n' and (off := int(data[pos:pos+10])) > 0: xref[start_obj + i] = off
pos += 20
def get_stream(n: int) -> bytes:
obj = data[xref[n]:data.find(b'endobj', xref[n])]
raw = obj[obj.find(b'stream\n') + 7:obj.find(b'\nendstream')]
return zlib.decompress(raw) if b'/FlateDecode' in obj else raw
pages = []
for n in sorted(xref):
if b'/Type /Page' not in data[xref[n]:xref[n]+500]: continue
if not (m := re.search(rb'/Contents (\d+) 0 R', data[xref[n]:xref[n]+500])): continue
stream = get_stream(int(m.group(1))).decode('latin-1')
elements, font = [], ''
_RE_BT = (r'(/F[\d.]+) [\d.]+ Tf|([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Td|[\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ ([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Tm'
r'|<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>.*?Tj|\[([^\]]+)\] TJ')
for bt in re.finditer(r'BT(.*?)ET', stream, re.S):
x, y = 0.0, 0.0
for sm in re.finditer(_RE_BT, bt.group(1)):
if sm.group(1): font = sm.group(1)
elif sm.group(2): x, y = x + float(sm.group(2)), y + float(sm.group(3))
elif sm.group(4): x, y = float(sm.group(4)), float(sm.group(5))
elif sm.group(6) and (t := bytes.fromhex(sm.group(6)).decode('latin-1')).strip():
elements.append((x, y, t, font))
elif sm.group(7):
t = ''.join(bytes.fromhex(h).decode('latin-1') for h in re.findall(r'<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>', sm.group(7)))
if t.strip(): elements.append((x, y, t, font))
pages.append(sorted(elements, key=lambda e: (-e[1], e[0])))
return pages
def extract_pcode(pages: list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]], name_to_op: dict[str, int]) -> dict[tuple[str, int], str]:
"""Extract pseudocode for instructions. Returns {(name, opcode): pseudocode}."""
# First pass: find all instruction headers across all pages
all_instructions: list[tuple[int, float, str, int]] = [] # (page_idx, y, name, opcode)
for page_idx, page in enumerate(pages):
by_y: dict[int, list[tuple[float, str]]] = {}
for x, y, t, _ in page:
by_y.setdefault(round(y), []).append((x, t))
for y, items in sorted(by_y.items(), reverse=True):
left = [(x, t) for x, t in items if 55 < x < 65]
right = [(x, t) for x, t in items if 535 < x < 550]
if left and right and left[0][1] in name_to_op and right[0][1].isdigit():
all_instructions.append((page_idx, y, left[0][1], int(right[0][1])))
# Second pass: extract pseudocode between consecutive instructions
pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str] = {}
for i, (page_idx, y, name, opcode) in enumerate(all_instructions):
if i + 1 < len(all_instructions):
next_page, next_y = all_instructions[i + 1][0], all_instructions[i + 1][1]
else:
next_page, next_y = page_idx, 0
# Collect F6 text from current position to next instruction (pseudocode is at x ≈ 69)
lines: list[tuple[int, float, str]] = []
for p in range(page_idx, next_page + 1):
start_y = y if p == page_idx else 800
end_y = next_y if p == next_page else 0
lines.extend((p, y2, t) for x, y2, t, f in pages[p] if f in ('/F6.0', '/F7.0') and end_y < y2 < start_y and 60 < x < 80)
if lines:
sorted_lines = sorted(lines, key=lambda x: (x[0], -x[1]))
# Stop at large Y gaps (>30) - indicates section break
filtered = [sorted_lines[0]]
for j in range(1, len(sorted_lines)):
prev_page, prev_y, _ = sorted_lines[j-1]
curr_page, curr_y, _ = sorted_lines[j]
if curr_page == prev_page and prev_y - curr_y > 30: break
if curr_page != prev_page and prev_y > 60 and curr_y < 730: break
filtered.append(sorted_lines[j])
pcode_lines = [t.replace('Ê', '').strip() for _, _, t in filtered]
if pcode_lines: pcode[(name, opcode)] = '\n'.join(pcode_lines)
return pcode
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Code generation
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def write_common(all_fmts: dict[str, int], all_op_types: set[str], path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "from enum import Enum, auto", ""]
lines.append("class ReprEnum(Enum):")
lines.append(' """Enum with clean repr that roundtrips with eval()."""')
lines.append(' def __repr__(self): return f"{type(self).__name__}.{self.name}"')
lines.append("")
lines.append("class Fmt(Enum):")
for fmt in sorted(all_fmts.keys()): lines.append(f" {fmt} = auto()")
lines.append("")
lines.append("FMT_BITS = {")
for fmt, bits in sorted(all_fmts.items()): lines.append(f" Fmt.{fmt}: {bits},")
lines.append("}")
lines.append("")
lines.append("class OpType(Enum):")
for ot in sorted(all_op_types): lines.append(f" {ot} = auto()")
with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))
def write_enum(enums, path):
lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit",
"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import ReprEnum, Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType # noqa: F401", ""]
for name, ops in sorted(enums.items()):
if not ops: continue
suffix = "_E32" if name in ("VOP1", "VOP2", "VOPC") else "_E64" if name == "VOP3" else ""
lines.append(f"class {name}(ReprEnum):" if name in ("HWREG", "MSG") else f"class {name}Op(ReprEnum):")
aliases = []
for op, mem in sorted(ops.items()):
msuf = suffix if name != "VOP3" or op < 512 else ""
lines.append(f" {mem}{msuf} = {op}")
if msuf: aliases.append((mem, msuf))
for mem, msuf in aliases: lines.append(f" {mem} = {mem}{msuf}")
lines.append("")
with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))
def write_ins(encodings, enums, suffix_only_ops, types, arch, path):
_VGPR_FIELDS = {"vdst", "vdstx", "vsrc0", "vsrc1", "vsrc2", "vsrc3", "vsrcx1", "vsrcy1", "vaddr", "vdata", "data", "data0", "data1", "addr", "vsrc"}
_VARIANT_SUFFIXES = ("_LIT", "_DPP16", "_DPP8", "_SDWA_SDST", "_SDWA", "_MFMA")
def get_base_fmt(fmt):
for sfx in _VARIANT_SUFFIXES: fmt = fmt.replace(sfx, "")
return fmt
def field_def(name, hi, lo, fmt, enc_bits=None):
bits = hi - lo + 1
base_fmt = get_base_fmt(fmt)
if name == "encoding" and enc_bits: return f"FixedBitField({hi}, {lo}, 0b{enc_bits})"
if name == "op" and fmt not in ("DPP", "SDWA"): return f"EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base_fmt}Op)"
if name in ("opx", "opy"): return f"EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, VOPDOp)"
if name == "vdsty": return f"VDSTYField({hi}, {lo})"
if name in _VGPR_FIELDS and bits == 8: return f"VGPRField({hi}, {lo})"
if name == "sbase" and bits == 6: return f"SBaseField({hi}, {lo})"
if name in ("srsrc", "ssamp") and bits == 5: return f"SRsrcField({hi}, {lo})"
if name in ("sdst", "sdata") and bits == 7: return f"SGPRField({hi}, {lo})"
if name in ("soffset", "saddr") and bits == 7: return f"SGPRField({hi}, {lo}, default=NULL)"
if name.startswith("ssrc") and bits == 8: return f"SSrcField({hi}, {lo})"
if name in ("saddr", "soffset") and bits == 8: return f"SSrcField({hi}, {lo}, default=NULL)"
if name.startswith("src") and bits == 9: return f"SrcField({hi}, {lo})"
# GLOBAL/SCRATCH: offset is 13-bit signed [12:0], FLAT: 12-bit unsigned (XML has 12-bit for all)
if name == "offset" and base_fmt in ("GLOBAL", "SCRATCH"): return f"BitField(12, {lo})"
if base_fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=3)"
if base_fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi2": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=1)"
return f"BitField({hi}, {lo})"
ORDER = ['encoding', 'op', 'opx', 'opy', 'vdst', 'vdstx', 'vdsty', 'sdst', 'vdata', 'sdata', 'addr', 'vaddr', 'data', 'data0', 'data1',
'src0', 'srcx0', 'srcy0', 'vsrc0', 'ssrc0', 'src1', 'vsrc1', 'vsrcx1', 'vsrcy1', 'ssrc1', 'src2', 'vsrc2', 'src3', 'vsrc3',
'saddr', 'sbase', 'srsrc', 'ssamp', 'soffset', 'offset', 'simm16', 'literal', 'en', 'target', 'attr', 'attr_chan',
'omod', 'neg', 'neg_hi', 'abs', 'clmp', 'opsel', 'opsel_hi', 'waitexp', 'wait_va',
'dmask', 'dim', 'seg', 'format', 'offen', 'idxen', 'glc', 'dlc', 'slc', 'tfe', 'unrm', 'done', 'row',
'dpp', 'fi', 'bc', 'row_mask', 'bank_mask', 'src0_neg', 'src0_abs', 'src1_neg', 'src1_abs',
'cbsz', 'abid', 'acc_cd', 'acc', 'blgp', 'lane_sel_0', 'lane_sel_1', 'lane_sel_2', 'lane_sel_3',
'lane_sel_4', 'lane_sel_5', 'lane_sel_6', 'lane_sel_7', 'dst_sel', 'dst_unused', 'src0_sel', 'src1_sel']
def sort_fields(fields): return sorted(fields, key=lambda f: (ORDER.index(f[0]) if f[0] in ORDER else 999, f[2]))
# Separate base encodings from variants
base_encodings, variant_encodings = {}, {}
for enc_name, data in encodings.items():
base = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
if base == enc_name: base_encodings[enc_name] = data
else: variant_encodings[enc_name] = data
# Build sets of ops by their vdst type from operand metadata
sdst_opcodes: dict[str, set[int]] = {} # ops where vdst is OPR_SREG (writes to SGPR)
for fmt, ops in enums.items():
for op, name in ops.items():
op_types = types.get((name, fmt), {})
vdst_type = op_types.get("vdst", (None, None, None))[2]
if vdst_type == "OPR_SREG": sdst_opcodes.setdefault(fmt, set()).add(op)
# collect only the XxxOp enums that are actually referenced in this arch's instruction definitions
enum_names = sorted(f"{k}Op" for k in enums if enums[k] and k not in ("HWREG", "MSG"))
# also re-export HWREG/MSG enums (plain enums, not instruction format ops)
enum_names += sorted(k for k in enums if k in ("HWREG", "MSG") and enums[k])
# collect DSL field types actually used by scanning generated field definitions
all_field_defs = " ".join(field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc, eb) for enc, (flds, eb) in encodings.items() for fn, hi, lo in flds)
_ALL_DSL = ["BitField", "EnumBitField", "FixedBitField", "NULL", "SBaseField", "SGPRField", "SRsrcField",
"SSrcField", "SrcField", "VDSTYField", "VGPRField"]
dsl_names = ["Inst"] + [n for n in _ALL_DSL if n in all_field_defs]
# also re-export register names so `from ins import *` still provides them to downstream users
_DSL_REGS = ["s", "v", "src", "VCC_LO", "VCC_HI", "VCC", "EXEC_LO", "EXEC_HI", "EXEC", "NULL", "OFF", "M0",
"SCC", "VCCZ", "EXECZ", "ttmp", "INV_2PI", "SDWA", "DPP", "DPP16", "LIT", "SRC_LDS_DIRECT"]
dsl_reexport = sorted(set(dsl_names + _DSL_REGS))
lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "# ruff: noqa: E501,F401",
f"from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import {', '.join(dsl_reexport)}",
f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", "import functools", ""]
def fmt_allowed(op_enum: str, ops: set[int]) -> str:
"""Format allowed ops as {EnumName.MEMBER, ...}."""
names = [f"{op_enum}.{enums[op_enum.removesuffix('Op')][op]}" for op in sorted(ops)]
return "{" + ", ".join(names) + "}"
# Generate base classes first
for enc_name, (fields, enc_bits) in sorted(base_encodings.items()):
all_ops = set(enums.get(enc_name, {}).keys())
# Get suffix-only ops for this format (these can't be used in base class)
base_suffix_ops = set().union(*(d.get(enc_name, set()) for d in suffix_only_ops.values()))
# Exclude SDST ops from base class (they need VOP1_SDST/VOP3_SDST/VOP3B)
base_allowed = all_ops - base_suffix_ops - sdst_opcodes.get(enc_name, set())
# RDNA3 FLAT/GLOBAL/SCRATCH share encoding bits, differentiated by seg field
# RDNA4 VFLAT/VGLOBAL/VSCRATCH have distinct encoding bits, no seg field needed
has_seg_field = any(fn == "seg" for fn, _, _ in fields)
if enc_name in ("FLAT", "VFLAT") and has_seg_field:
prefix = "V" if enc_name == "VFLAT" else ""
flat_variants = [(f"{prefix}FLAT", 0, f"{prefix}FLATOp"), (f"{prefix}GLOBAL", 2, f"{prefix}GLOBALOp"),
(f"{prefix}SCRATCH", 1, f"{prefix}SCRATCHOp")]
for cls, seg, op_enum in flat_variants:
cls_ops = set(enums.get(cls, {}).keys())
lines.append(f"class {cls}(Inst):")
for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(fields):
if fn == "seg": lines.append(f" seg = FixedBitField({hi}, {lo}, {seg})")
elif fn == "op": lines.append(f" op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {op_enum}, {fmt_allowed(op_enum, cls_ops)})")
else: lines.append(f" {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, cls, enc_bits)}")
lines.append("")
elif enc_name not in ("FLAT_GLOBAL", "FLAT_SCRATCH", "FLAT_GLBL", "DPP", "SDWA"):
lines.append(f"class {enc_name}(Inst):")
for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(fields):
if fn == "op":
base_fmt = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
lines.append(f" op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base_fmt}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base_fmt}Op', base_allowed)})")
else:
lines.append(f" {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc_name, enc_bits if fn == 'encoding' else None)}")
lines.append("")
# Generate variant classes that inherit from base (only add extra fields)
for enc_name, (fields, enc_bits) in sorted(variant_encodings.items()):
base = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
if base not in base_encodings: continue # skip if no base class
base_fields = {f[0] for f in base_encodings[base][0]}
extra_fields = [(fn, hi, lo) for fn, hi, lo in fields if fn not in base_fields]
# Check if this is a suffix-only variant
variant_suffix = next((sfx for sfx in _VARIANT_SUFFIXES if enc_name.endswith(sfx)), None)
is_suffix_variant = variant_suffix in suffix_only_ops
all_ops = set(enums.get(base, {}).keys())
if extra_fields or is_suffix_variant:
lines.append(f"class {enc_name}({base}):")
op_field = next((f for f in base_encodings[base][0] if f[0] == "op"), None)
# _LIT classes: override op to allow all opcodes (base excludes lit-only ops)
# other classes override op to only suffix-only opcodes
if op_field and is_suffix_variant:
_, hi, lo = op_field
allowed_ops = all_ops if variant_suffix == "_LIT" else suffix_only_ops[variant_suffix][base]
lines.append(f" op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base}Op', allowed_ops)})")
for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(extra_fields):
lines.append(f" {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc_name)}")
lines.append("")
# SDST variants (special case - redefine vdst field type, restrict to SDST ops)
for base, field_hi, field_lo in [("VOP1", 24, 17), ("VOP3", 7, 0)]:
if base not in base_encodings: continue
sdst_ops = sdst_opcodes.get(base, set())
if not sdst_ops: continue
# For VOP3, all ops < 256 (compare/cmpx ops) use SDST encoding
all_base_ops = set(enums.get(base, {}).keys())
if base == "VOP3": sdst_ops = sdst_ops | {op for op in all_base_ops if op < 256}
op_field = next((f for f in base_encodings[base][0] if f[0] == "op"), None)
lines.append(f"class {base}_SDST({base}):")
if op_field:
_, hi, lo = op_field
lines.append(f" op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base}Op', sdst_ops)})")
lines.append(f" vdst = SSrcField({field_hi}, {field_lo})")
lines.append("")
# SDST_LIT class (for literals with SDST destination) - same ops, just adds literal field
lit_enc = variant_encodings.get(f"{base}_LIT")
if lit_enc:
lit_field = next((f for f in lit_enc[0] if f[0] == "literal"), None)
if lit_field:
lines.append(f"class {base}_SDST_LIT({base}_SDST):")
lines.append(f" literal = BitField({lit_field[1]}, {lit_field[2]})")
lines.append("")
# Instruction helpers
lines.append("# instruction helpers")
for fmt, ops in sorted(enums.items()):
if fmt not in base_encodings and fmt not in ("GLOBAL", "SCRATCH", "VGLOBAL", "VSCRATCH"): continue
suffix = "_E32" if fmt in ("VOP1", "VOP2", "VOPC") else "_E64" if fmt == "VOP3" else ""
op_to_suffix = {op:suffix for suffix,ops in suffix_only_ops.items() for op in ops.get(fmt, set())}
fmt_sdst_ops = sdst_opcodes.get(fmt, set())
for op, name in sorted(ops.items()):
# ADDTID ops are in both FLAT and GLOBAL enums (for pcode); only generate helper for GLOBAL/VGLOBAL
if "ADDTID" in name and fmt in ("FLAT", "VFLAT"): continue
msuf = suffix if fmt != "VOP3" or op < 512 else ""
# Determine class: SDST variants, suffix-specific variants (e.g., _MFMA, _LIT), or base
if fmt == "VOP1" and op in fmt_sdst_ops: cls = "VOP1_SDST"
elif fmt == "VOP3" and (op in fmt_sdst_ops or op < 256): cls = "VOP3_SDST"
elif op_to_suffix.get(op): cls = f"{fmt}{op_to_suffix[op]}"
else: cls = fmt
lines.append(f"{name.lower()}{msuf.lower()} = functools.partial({cls}, {fmt}Op.{name}{msuf})")
with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))
def write_operands(types: dict, enums: dict, arch: str, path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
valid = {(name, fmt) for fmt, ops in enums.items() for name in ops.values()}
# only import enums that are actually used as keys in OPERANDS
used_bases = {eb for (nm, eb) in types if (nm, eb) in valid}
enum_names = sorted(f"{k}Op" for k in used_bases)
lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit",
"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import Fmt, OpType",
f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", ""]
lines.append("# instruction operand info: {Op: {field: (Fmt, size_bits, OpType)}}")
lines.append("OPERANDS = {")
def fmt_val(v):
fmt, size, otype = v
return f"({f'Fmt.{fmt}' if fmt else 'None'}, {size}, {f'OpType.{otype}' if otype else 'None'})"
for (name, enc_base), fields in sorted(types.items()):
if (name, enc_base) not in valid: continue
fstr = ", ".join(f'"{k}": {fmt_val(v)}' for k, v in sorted(fields.items()))
lines.append(f' {enc_base}Op.{name}: {{{fstr}}},')
lines.append("}")
with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))
def write_pcode(pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str], enums: dict[str, dict[int, str]], arch: str, path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
"""Write str_pcode.py file from extracted pseudocode."""
entries: list[tuple[str, str, int, str]] = []
for fmt_name, ops in enums.items():
member_suffix = "_E32" if fmt_name in ("VOP1", "VOP2", "VOPC") else "_E64" if fmt_name == "VOP3" else ""
for opcode, name in ops.items():
if (name, opcode) in pcode:
msuf = member_suffix if fmt_name != "VOP3" or opcode < 512 else ""
entries.append((f"{fmt_name}Op", f"{name}{msuf}", opcode, pcode[(name, opcode)]))
enum_names = sorted(set(e[0] for e in entries))
lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA PDF - do not edit", "# ruff: noqa: E501",
f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", "", "PCODE = {"]
for enum_name, name, opcode, code in sorted(entries, key=lambda x: (x[0], x[2])):
lines.append(f" {enum_name}.{name}: {code!r},")
lines.append("}")
with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# Main
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
if __name__ == "__main__":
all_fmts: dict[str, int] = {}
all_op_types: set[str] = set()
arch_data: dict[str, dict] = {}
# First pass: parse XML for all architectures
for arch, cfg in ARCHS.items():
print(f"Parsing XML: {cfg['xml']} -> {arch}")
encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set, suffix_only_ops = parse_xml(cfg["xml"])
for fmt, ops in FIXES.get(arch, {}).items(): enums.setdefault(fmt, {}).update(ops)
for fmt, fields in FIELD_FIXES.get(arch, {}).items():
if fmt in encodings: encodings[fmt] = (encodings[fmt][0] + fields, encodings[fmt][1])
arch_data[arch] = {"encodings": encodings, "enums": enums, "types": types, "suffix_only_ops": suffix_only_ops}
for fmt, bits in fmts.items():
assert fmt not in all_fmts or all_fmts[fmt] == bits, f"FMT_BITS mismatch for {fmt}: {all_fmts[fmt]} vs {bits}"
all_fmts[fmt] = bits
all_op_types.update(op_types_set)
# Write common.py
autogen_base = pathlib.Path(__file__).parents[2] / "runtime" / "autogen" / "amd"
common_path = autogen_base / "common.py"
write_common(all_fmts, all_op_types, common_path)
print(f"Wrote common.py: {len(all_fmts)} formats, {len(all_op_types)} op types")
# Write per-arch files from XML
for arch, data in arch_data.items():
base = autogen_base / arch
write_enum(data["enums"], base / "enum.py")
write_ins(data["encodings"], data["enums"], data["suffix_only_ops"], data["types"], arch, base / "ins.py")
write_operands(data["types"], data["enums"], arch, base / "operands.py")
print(f" {arch}: {len(data['encodings'])} encodings, {sum(len(v) for v in data['enums'].values())} instructions")
# Second pass: parse PDFs and write pcode
for arch, cfg in ARCHS.items():
print(f"Parsing PDF: {arch}...")
pages = extract_pdf_text(cfg["pdf"])
name_to_op = {name: op for ops in arch_data[arch]["enums"].values() for op, name in ops.items()}
pcode = extract_pcode(pages, name_to_op)
base = autogen_base / arch
write_pcode(pcode, arch_data[arch]["enums"], arch, base / "str_pcode.py")
print(f" {arch}: {len(pcode)} pcode entries")

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"""SQTT (SQ Thread Trace) packet encoder and decoder for AMD GPUs.
This module provides encoding and decoding of raw SQTT byte streams.
The format is nibble-based with variable-width packets determined by a state machine.
Uses BitField infrastructure from dsl.py, similar to GPU instruction encoding.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Iterator
from enum import Enum
from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colored
from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import BitField, FixedBitField, Inst, bits
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import s_endpgm # same encoding as RDNA4
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# FIELD ENUMS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class MemSrc(Enum):
LDS = 0
LDS_ALT = 1
VMEM = 2
VMEM_ALT = 3
class AluSrc(Enum):
NONE = 0
SALU = 1
VALU = 2
VALU_SALU = 3
# construct other SIMD instruction operation types, name becomes OTHER_{category}_{cycles}
def add_other_simd(cls:type[Enum], ranges:list[tuple[str, int, int, int]]) -> None:
for category, start, end, base_cycle in ranges:
for value in range(start, end + 1):
cls._value2member_map_[value] = obj = object.__new__(cls)
obj._value_ = value
obj._name_ = f"OTHER_{category}_{value - start + base_cycle}"
class InstOp(Enum):
"""SQTT instruction operation types for RDNA3 (gfx1100).
Memory ops appear in two ranges depending on which SIMD executes them:
- 0x1x-0x2x range: ops on traced SIMD
- 0x5x range: ops on other SIMD (OTHER_ prefix)
GLOBAL memory ops encoding depends on addressing mode AND size:
- Loads: 0x21 (saddr=SGPR) or 0x22 (saddr=NULL), all sizes same
- Stores: base + size_offset, where VADDR is shifted +1 from SADDR
SADDR: 0x24(32) 0x25(64) 0x26(96) 0x27(128)
VADDR: 0x25(32) 0x26(64) 0x27(96) 0x28(128)
OTHER_ range follows same pattern but values overlap differently.
"""
SALU = 0x0
SMEM_RD = 0x1
JUMP = 0x3 # branch taken
JUMP_NO = 0x4 # branch not taken
CALL = 0x5 # s_call_b64
MESSAGE = 0x9
VALUT_4 = 0xb # transcendental: exp, log, rcp, sqrt, sin, cos
VALUB_2 = 0xd # 64-bit shifts: lshl, lshr, ashr
VALUB_4 = 0xe # 64-bit multiply-add
VALUB_16 = 0xf # 64-bit: add, mul, fma, rcp, sqrt, rounding, frexp, div helpers
VINTERP = 0x12 # interpolation: v_interp_p10_f32, v_interp_p2_f32
BARRIER = 0x13
# FLAT memory ops on traced SIMD (0x1x range)
FLAT_RD_2 = 0x1c
FLAT_WR_3 = 0x1d
FLAT_WR_4 = 0x1e
FLAT_WR_5 = 0x1f
FLAT_WR_6 = 0x20
# GLOBAL memory ops on traced SIMD (0x2x range)
SGMEM_RD_1 = 0x21 # saddr=SGPR, all sizes
SGMEM_RD_2 = 0x22 # saddr=NULL, all sizes
SGMEM_WR_2 = 0x24 # saddr=SGPR, 32-bit
SGMEM_WR_3 = 0x25 # saddr=SGPR 64 or saddr=NULL 32
SGMEM_WR_4 = 0x26 # saddr=SGPR 96 or saddr=NULL 64
SGMEM_WR_5 = 0x27 # saddr=SGPR 128 or saddr=NULL 96
SGMEM_WR_6 = 0x28 # saddr=NULL, 128-bit
# LDS ops on traced SIMD
LDS_RD = 0x29
LDS_WR_1 = 0x2a # ds_append, ds_consume, ds_store_addtid_b32
LDS_WR_2 = 0x2b
LDS_WR_3 = 0x2c
LDS_WR_4 = 0x2d
LDS_WR_5 = 0x2e
# EXEC-modifying ops (0x7x range)
SALU_WR_EXEC = 0x72 # s_*_saveexec_b32/b64
VALU1_WR_EXEC = 0x73 # v_cmpx_*
# Memory ops on other SIMD (0x5x range)
add_other_simd(InstOp, [("LDS", 0x50, 0x54, 1), ("FLAT", 0x55, 0x59, 2), ("VMEM", 0x5a, 0x66, 1)])
class InstOpRDNA4(Enum):
"""SQTT instruction operation types for RDNA4 (gfx1200). Different encoding from RDNA3."""
SALU = 0x0
SMEM = 0x1
SMEM_WR = 0x2
JUMP = 0x3
JUMP_NO = 0x4
CALL = 0x5
SALU_NO_EXEC = 0x7
MESSAGE = 0x9
VALU_1 = 0xa
VALUT_4 = 0xb
VALUB_1 = 0xc
VALUB_2 = 0xd
VALUB_4 = 0xe
VALUB_16 = 0xf
VINTERP = 0x12
BARRIER_WAIT = 0x13
FLAT_RD_2 = 0x1c
FLAT_WR_3 = 0x1d
FLAT_WR_4 = 0x1e
FLAT_WR_5 = 0x1f
FLAT_WR_6 = 0x20
VMEM_RD_1 = 0x21
VMEM_RD_2 = 0x22
VMEM_WR_1 = 0x23
VMEM_WR_2 = 0x24
VMEM_WR_3 = 0x25
VMEM_WR_4 = 0x26
VMEM_WR_5 = 0x27
VMEM_WR_6 = 0x28
LDS_RD = 0x29
LDS_WR_1 = 0x2a
LDS_WR_2 = 0x2b
LDS_WR_3 = 0x2c
LDS_WR_4 = 0x2d
LDS_WR_5 = 0x2e
BUF_RD_1 = 0x2f
BUF_RD_2 = 0x30
BUF_WR_1 = 0x31
BUF_WR_2 = 0x32
BUF_WR_3 = 0x33
BUF_WR_4 = 0x34
BUF_WR_5 = 0x35
BUF_WR_6 = 0x36
LDS_DIR_LOAD = 0x6e
LDS_PARAM_LOAD = 0x6f
SALU_WR_EXEC = 0x72
VALU1_WR_EXEC = 0x73
VALU_WR_EXEC_2 = 0x74
OTHER_LDS_6 = 0x77
OTHER_LDS_10 = 0x78
BARRIER_SIGNAL = 0x7a
DYN_VGPR = 0x87
BARRIER_JOIN = 0x8a
WMMA_8 = 0x8c
WMMA_16 = 0x8d
WMMA_32 = 0x8e
WMMA_64 = 0x8f
VALU_DPFP = 0x92
SALU_FLOAT_3 = 0x98
VALU_SCL_TRANS = 0x99
SALU_2 = 0x9b
SALU_5 = 0x9c
add_other_simd(InstOpRDNA4, [("LDS", 0x50, 0x54, 1), ("FLAT", 0x55, 0x59, 2), ("VMEM", 0xbc, 0xdd, 1)])
class InstOpCDNA(Enum):
SMEM_RD = 0
SALU_32 = 1
VMEM_RD = 2
VMEM_WR = 3
FLAT_WR = 4
VALU_32 = 5
LDS = 6
PC = 7
JUMP = 12
NEXT = 13
FLAT_RD = 14
OTHER_MSG = 15
SMEM_WR = 16
SALU_64 = 17
VALU_64 = 18
VALU_MAI = 28
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PACKET TYPE BASE CLASS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class PacketType:
"""Base class for SQTT packet types."""
encoding: FixedBitField
_raw: int
_time: int
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
cls._fields = {k: v for k, v in cls.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, BitField)} # type: ignore[attr-defined]
cls._size_nibbles = ((max((f.hi for f in cls._fields.values()), default=0) + 4) // 4) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
@classmethod
def from_raw(cls, raw: int, time: int = 0):
inst = object.__new__(cls)
inst._raw, inst._time = raw, time
return inst
def __repr__(self) -> str:
fields_str = ", ".join(f"{k}={getattr(self, k)}" for k in self._fields if not k.startswith('_') and k != 'encoding') # type: ignore[attr-defined]
return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({fields_str})"
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# TS PACKET TYPE DEFINITIONS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class TS_DELTA_S8_W3(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0100001
delta = bits[10:8]
_padding = bits[71:11]
class TS_DELTA_S5_W3(PacketType):
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00110
delta = bits[7:5]
_padding = bits[51:8]
class TS_DELTA_S5_W3_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: 52->56 bits
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00110
delta = bits[9:7]
_padding = bits[55:10]
class TS_DELTA_SHORT(PacketType):
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1000
delta = bits[7:4]
class TS_DELTA_OR_MARK(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0000001
delta = bits[47:12]
pl = bits[8:8]
rt = bits[9:9]
@property
def is_marker(self) -> bool: return bool(self.rt and not self.pl)
class TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_RDNA4(TS_DELTA_OR_MARK):
delta = bits[63:12]
rt = bits[7:7]
pl = bits[8:8]
tl = bits[9:9]
class TS_DELTA_S5_W2(PacketType):
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b11100
delta = bits[6:5]
_padding = bits[47:7]
class TS_DELTA_S5_W2_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: 48->40 bits
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b11100
delta = bits[6:5]
_padding = bits[39:7]
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PACKET TYPE DEFINITIONS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class VALUINST(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 2
encoding = bits[2:0] == 0b011
delta = bits[5:3]
flag = bits[6:6]
wave = bits[11:7]
class VMEMEXEC(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 0
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1111
delta = bits[5:4]
src = bits[7:6].enum(MemSrc)
class ALUEXEC(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 1
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1110
delta = bits[5:4]
src = bits[7:6].enum(AluSrc)
class IMMEDIATE(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 5
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1101
delta = bits[6:4]
wave = bits[11:7]
class IMMEDIATE_MASK(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 5
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00100
delta = bits[7:5]
mask = bits[23:8]
class WAVERDY(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 3
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10100
delta = bits[7:5]
mask = bits[23:8]
class WAVEEND(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 4
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10101
delta = bits[7:5]
sa = bits[8:8]
simd = bits[10:9]
wgp = bits[13:11]
wave = bits[19:15]
@property
def cu(self) -> int: return self.wgp | (self.sa << 3)
class WAVEEND_RDNA4(PacketType):
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10101
delta = bits[7:5]
sa = bits[8:8]
simd = bits[10:9]
wgp = bits[14:11]
wave = bits[19:15]
@property
def cu(self) -> int: return self.wgp | (self.sa << 4)
class WAVESTART(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 4
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b01100
delta = bits[6:5]
sa = bits[7:7]
simd = bits[9:8]
wgp = bits[12:10]
wave = bits[17:13]
id7 = bits[31:18]
@property
def cu(self) -> int: return self.wgp | (self.sa << 3)
class WAVESTART_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: wgp is 4 bits, wave shifted to bits 15-19
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b01100
delta = bits[6:5]
sa = bits[7:7]
simd = bits[9:8]
wgp = bits[13:10]
wave = bits[19:15]
id7 = bits[31:20]
@property
def cu(self) -> int: return self.wgp | (self.sa << 4)
class WAVEALLOC(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 10
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00101
delta = bits[7:5]
_padding = bits[19:8]
class WAVEALLOC_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: 20->24 bits
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00101
delta = bits[7:5]
_padding = bits[23:8]
class PERF(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 11
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10110
delta = bits[7:5]
arg = bits[27:8]
class PERF_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: 28->32 bits
encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10110
delta = bits[9:7]
arg = bits[31:10]
class NOP(PacketType):
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b0000
delta = None
_padding = bits[3:0]
class TS_WAVE_STATE(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b1010001
delta = bits[15:7]
coarse = bits[23:16]
@property
def wave_interest(self) -> bool: return bool(self.coarse & 1)
@property
def terminate_all(self) -> bool: return bool(self.coarse & 8)
class EVENT(PacketType): # exclude: 1 << 7
encoding = bits[7:0] == 0b01100001
delta = bits[10:8]
event = bits[23:11]
class EVENT_BIG(PacketType):
encoding = bits[7:0] == 0b11100001
delta = bits[10:8]
event = bits[31:11]
class REG(PacketType):
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1001
delta = bits[6:4]
slot = bits[9:7]
hi_byte = bits[15:8]
subop = bits[31:16]
val32 = bits[63:32]
@property
def is_config(self) -> bool: return bool(self.hi_byte & 0x80)
class SNAPSHOT(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b1110001
delta = bits[9:7]
snap = bits[63:10]
class LAYOUT_HEADER(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0010001
delta = None
layout = bits[12:7]
simd = bits[14:13]
group = bits[17:15]
sel_a = bits[31:28]
sel_b = bits[36:33]
flag4 = bits[59:59]
_padding = bits[63:60]
class INST(PacketType):
encoding = bits[2:0] == 0b010
delta = bits[6:4]
flag1 = bits[3:3]
flag2 = bits[7:7]
wave = bits[12:8]
op = bits[19:13].enum(InstOp)
class INST_RDNA4(PacketType): # Layout 4: different delta position and InstOp encoding
encoding = bits[2:0] == 0b010
delta = bits[5:3]
w64h = bits[6:6]
wave = bits[11:7]
op = bits[19:12].enum(InstOpRDNA4)
class UTILCTR(PacketType):
encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0110001
delta = bits[8:7]
ctr = bits[47:9]
# Packet types with rocprof type IDs as keys
PACKET_TYPES_RDNA3: dict[int, type[PacketType]] = {
1: VALUINST, 2: VMEMEXEC, 3: ALUEXEC, 4: IMMEDIATE, 5: IMMEDIATE_MASK, 6: WAVERDY, 7: TS_DELTA_S8_W3, 8: WAVEEND,
9: WAVESTART, 10: TS_DELTA_S5_W2, 11: WAVEALLOC, 12: TS_DELTA_S5_W3, 13: PERF, 14: UTILCTR, 15: TS_DELTA_SHORT,
16: NOP, 17: TS_WAVE_STATE, 18: EVENT, 19: EVENT_BIG, 20: REG, 21: SNAPSHOT, 22: TS_DELTA_OR_MARK, 23: LAYOUT_HEADER, 24: INST,
}
PACKET_TYPES_RDNA4: dict[int, type[PacketType]] = {
**PACKET_TYPES_RDNA3,
8: WAVEEND_RDNA4, 9: WAVESTART_RDNA4, 10: TS_DELTA_S5_W2_RDNA4, 11: WAVEALLOC_RDNA4,
12: TS_DELTA_S5_W3_RDNA4, 13: PERF_RDNA4, 22: TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_RDNA4, 24: INST_RDNA4,
}
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# CDNA PACKET TYPE DEFINITIONS
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
class CDNA_MISC(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=0: 16-bit (Misc)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 0
delta = bits[11:4]
sh = bits[12:12]
misc_type = bits[15:13]
class CDNA_TIMESTAMP(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=1: 64-bit timestamp packet (case 0x0)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 1
_reserved = bits[15:4]
timestamp = bits[63:16] # stored as (data_word >> 0x10) in low 46 bits of local_58
class CDNA_REG(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=2: 64-bit (Reg)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 2
pipe = bits[6:5]
_me_raw = bits[8:7]
_reserved = bits[15:9]
regaddr = bits[31:16]
regdata = bits[63:32]
class CDNA_WAVESTART(PacketType):
"""type 3: 32-bit wave start (Wave/group_id)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 3
sh = bits[5:5]
cu = bits[9:6]
wave = bits[13:10]
simd = bits[15:14]
pipe = bits[17:16]
me = bits[19:18]
_reserved = bits[21:20]
count = bits[28:22]
_padding = bits[31:29]
class CDNA_WAVEALLOC(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=4: 16-bit (Wave)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 4
sh = bits[5:5]
cu = bits[9:6]
wave = bits[13:10]
simd = bits[15:14]
class CDNA_REG_CS(PacketType):
"""type 5: 48-bit register CS write (RegCs)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 5
pipe = bits[6:5]
_me_raw = bits[8:7]
regaddr = bits[15:9]
regdata = bits[47:16]
class CDNA_WAVEEND(PacketType):
"""type 6: 16-bit wave end (group_id)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 6
sh = bits[5:5]
cu = bits[9:6]
wave = bits[13:10]
simd = bits[15:14]
class CDNA_INST(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=10: 16-bit (MsgInst)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 10
wave = bits[8:5]
simd = bits[10:9]
op = bits[15:11].enum(InstOpCDNA)
class CDNA_INST_PC(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=11: 64-bit (MsgInstPc)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 11
wave = bits[8:5]
simd = bits[10:9]
_reserved = bits[14:11]
err = bits[15:15]
pc = bits[63:16]
class CDNA_ISSUE(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=13: 32-bit (Issue)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 13
simd = bits[6:5]
_gap = bits[7:7]
inst0 = bits[9:8]
inst1 = bits[11:10]
inst2 = bits[13:12]
inst3 = bits[15:14]
inst4 = bits[17:16]
inst5 = bits[19:18]
inst6 = bits[21:20]
inst7 = bits[23:22]
inst8 = bits[25:24]
inst9 = bits[27:26]
_padding = bits[31:28]
class CDNA_PERF(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=14: 64-bit (MsgPerf)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 14
sh = bits[5:5]
cu = bits[9:6]
cntr_bank = bits[11:10]
cntr0 = bits[24:12]
cntr1 = bits[37:25]
cntr2 = bits[50:38]
cntr3 = bits[63:51]
class CDNA_EVENT(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=7: 16-bit"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 7
_reserved = bits[15:4]
class CDNA_EVENT_CS(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=8: 16-bit"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 8
_reserved = bits[15:4]
class CDNA_EVENT_GFX1(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=9: 16-bit"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 9
_reserved = bits[15:4]
class CDNA_USERDATA(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=12: 48-bit (UserData)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 12
sh = bits[5:5]
cu = bits[9:6]
wave = bits[13:10]
simd = bits[15:14]
data = bits[47:16]
class CDNA_REG_CS_PRIV(PacketType):
"""pkt_fmt=15: 48-bit (RegCs)"""
encoding = bits[3:0] == 15
pipe = bits[6:5]
_me_raw = bits[8:7]
regaddr = bits[15:9]
regdata = bits[47:16]
PACKET_TYPES_CDNA: dict[int, type[PacketType]] = {
0: CDNA_MISC, 1: CDNA_TIMESTAMP, 2: CDNA_REG, 3: CDNA_WAVESTART, 4: CDNA_WAVEALLOC, 5: CDNA_REG_CS, 6: CDNA_WAVEEND,
7: CDNA_EVENT, 8: CDNA_EVENT_CS, 9: CDNA_EVENT_GFX1, 10: CDNA_INST, 11: CDNA_INST_PC, 12: CDNA_USERDATA,
13: CDNA_ISSUE, 14: CDNA_PERF, 15: CDNA_REG_CS_PRIV, 16: LAYOUT_HEADER,
}
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# DECODER
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
def _build_decode_tables(packet_types: dict[int, type[PacketType]]) -> tuple[dict[int, tuple], bytes]:
# Build state table: byte -> opcode. Sort by mask specificity (more bits first), NOP last
sorted_types = sorted(packet_types.items(), key=lambda x: (-bin(x[1].encoding.mask).count('1'), x[0] == 16))
state_table = bytes(next((op for op, cls in sorted_types if (b & cls.encoding.mask) == cls.encoding.default), 16) for b in range(256))
# Build decode info: opcode -> (pkt_cls, nib_count, delta_lo, delta_mask, special_case)
# special_case: 0=none, 1=TS_DELTA_OR_MARK (check is_marker), 2=TS_DELTA_SHORT (add 4), 3=CDNA_MISC (*4), 4=CDNA_TIMESTAMP (absolute)
_special = {TS_DELTA_OR_MARK: 1, TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_RDNA4: 1, TS_DELTA_SHORT: 2, CDNA_MISC: 3, CDNA_TIMESTAMP: 4}
decode_info = {}
for opcode, pkt_cls in packet_types.items():
delta_field = getattr(pkt_cls, 'delta', None)
special = _special.get(pkt_cls, 0)
decode_info[opcode] = (pkt_cls, pkt_cls._size_nibbles, delta_field.lo if delta_field else 0, delta_field.mask if delta_field else 0, special) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
return decode_info, state_table
_DECODE_INFO_RDNA3, _STATE_TABLE_RDNA3 = _build_decode_tables(PACKET_TYPES_RDNA3)
_DECODE_INFO_RDNA4, _STATE_TABLE_RDNA4 = _build_decode_tables(PACKET_TYPES_RDNA4)
_DECODE_INFO_CDNA, _STATE_TABLE_CDNA = _build_decode_tables(PACKET_TYPES_CDNA)
def decode(data: bytes) -> Iterator[PacketType]:
"""Decode raw SQTT blob, yielding packet instances. Auto-detects RDNA (layout 3/4) vs CDNA."""
n, reg, pos, nib_off, nib_count, time, ts_offset = len(data), 0, 0, 0, 16, 0, None
decode_info, state_table = _DECODE_INFO_RDNA3, _STATE_TABLE_RDNA3 # start RDNA3, auto-detect switches if needed
while pos + ((nib_count + nib_off + 1) >> 1) <= n:
need = nib_count - nib_off
# 1. if unaligned, read high nibble to align
if nib_off: reg, pos = (reg >> 4) | ((data[pos] >> 4) << 60), pos + 1
# 2. read all full bytes at once
if (byte_count := need >> 1):
read_bytes = min(byte_count, 8)
chunk = int.from_bytes(data[pos:pos + read_bytes], 'little')
reg, pos = (reg >> (read_bytes * 8)) | (chunk << (64 - read_bytes * 8)), pos + byte_count
# 3. if odd, read low nibble
if (nib_off := need & 1): reg = (reg >> 4) | ((data[pos] & 0xF) << 60)
opcode = state_table[reg & 0xFF]
pkt_cls, nib_count, delta_lo, delta_mask, special = decode_info[opcode]
delta = (reg >> delta_lo) & delta_mask
if special == 1: # TS_DELTA_OR_MARK
pkt = pkt_cls.from_raw(reg, 0) # create packet to check is_marker
if pkt.is_marker: delta = 0
elif special == 2: delta += 4 # TS_DELTA_SHORT
elif special == 3: delta *= 4 # CDNA_DELTA
elif special == 4: # CDNA_TIMESTAMP (absolute timestamp anchoring)
if (reg >> 4) & 0xfff == 0: # unk_0 == 0 means absolute timestamp
abs_ts = reg >> 16
if ts_offset is None: ts_offset = abs_ts - time
else: time = ((abs_ts - ts_offset) & ~3) - 4
delta = 0
time += delta
pkt = pkt_cls.from_raw(reg, time)
# auto-detect: first packet is always LAYOUT_HEADER (RDNA layout 3/4) or misdetected (CDNA)
if pkt_cls is LAYOUT_HEADER:
if pkt.layout == 4: decode_info, state_table = _DECODE_INFO_RDNA4, _STATE_TABLE_RDNA4
elif pkt.layout != 3: # not a real LAYOUT_HEADER — switch to CDNA and re-decode first packet
decode_info, state_table = _DECODE_INFO_CDNA, _STATE_TABLE_CDNA
opcode = state_table[reg & 0xFF]
pkt_cls, nib_count, delta_lo, delta_mask, special = decode_info[opcode]
if special == 4 and (reg >> 4) & 0xfff == 0: # CDNA_TIMESTAMP absolute
ts_offset = (reg >> 16) - time
pkt = pkt_cls.from_raw(reg, time)
yield pkt
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# MAPPER
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class InstructionInfo:
pc: int
wave: int
inst: Inst
def map_insts(data:bytes, lib:bytes, target:str) -> Iterator[tuple[PacketType, InstructionInfo|None]]:
"""maps SQTT packets to instructions, yields (packet, instruction_info or None)"""
# map pcs to insts
from tinygrad.viz.serve import amd_decode
pc_map = amd_decode(lib, target)
wave_pc:dict[int, int] = {}
# only processing packets on one [CU, SIMD] unit
def simd_select(p) -> bool: return getattr(p, "cu", 0) == 0 and getattr(p, "simd", 0) == 0
for p in decode(data):
if not simd_select(p): continue
if isinstance(p, (WAVESTART, WAVESTART_RDNA4, CDNA_WAVESTART)):
assert p.wave not in wave_pc, "only one inflight wave per unit"
wave_pc[p.wave] = next(iter(pc_map))
elif isinstance(p, (WAVEEND, WAVEEND_RDNA4)):
pc = wave_pc.pop(p.wave)
yield (p, InstructionInfo(pc, p.wave, s_endpgm()))
elif isinstance(p, IMMEDIATE_MASK):
# immediate mask may yield multiple times per packet
for wave in range(16):
if p.mask & (1 << wave):
inst = pc_map[pc:=wave_pc[wave]]
wave_pc[wave] += inst.size()
yield (p, InstructionInfo(pc, wave, inst))
# map INST events on this SIMD to the program counter, we know the waves
elif isinstance(p, (VALUINST, INST, INST_RDNA4, IMMEDIATE)) and not (isinstance(p, (INST, INST_RDNA4)) and p.op.name.startswith("OTHER_")):
inst = pc_map[pc:=wave_pc[p.wave]]
# s_delay_alu, s_wait_alu and s_barrier_wait instructions are skipped
while (inst_op:=getattr(inst, 'op_name', '')) in {"S_DELAY_ALU", "S_WAIT_ALU", "S_BARRIER_WAIT"}:
wave_pc[p.wave] += inst.size()
inst = pc_map[pc:=wave_pc[p.wave]]
# assert branch always has a JUMP packet
if "BRANCH" in inst_op and not (isinstance(p, (INST, INST_RDNA4)) and p.op.name.startswith("JUMP")):
raise AssertionError(f"{inst_op} can only be followed by JUMP, got {p}")
# JUMP handling
if isinstance(p, (INST, INST_RDNA4)) and p.op in {InstOp.JUMP, InstOpRDNA4.JUMP}:
x = getattr(inst, 'simm16') & 0xffff
wave_pc[p.wave] += inst.size() + (x - 0x10000 if x & 0x8000 else x)*4
else:
wave_pc[p.wave] += inst.size()
yield (p, InstructionInfo(pc, p.wave, inst))
# for all other packets (VMEMEXEC, ALUEXEC, OTHER_ INST, etc.), yield with None
else: yield (p, None)
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
# PRINTER
# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
PACKET_COLORS = {
"INST": "WHITE", "VALUINST": "BLACK", "VMEMEXEC": "yellow", "ALUEXEC": "yellow",
"IMMEDIATE": "YELLOW", "IMMEDIATE_MASK": "YELLOW", "WAVERDY": "cyan", "WAVEALLOC": "cyan",
"WAVEEND": "blue", "WAVESTART": "blue", "PERF": "magenta", "EVENT": "red", "EVENT_BIG": "red",
"REG": "green", "LAYOUT_HEADER": "white", "SNAPSHOT": "white", "UTILCTR": "green",
}
def format_packet(p) -> str:
name = type(p).__name__
if isinstance(p, (INST, INST_RDNA4)):
op_name = p.op.name if isinstance(p.op, (InstOp, InstOpRDNA4)) else f"0x{p.op:02x}"
fields = f"wave={p.wave} op={op_name}" + ((" flag1" if p.flag1 else "") + (" flag2" if p.flag2 else "") if isinstance(p, INST) else "")
elif isinstance(p, VALUINST): fields = f"wave={p.wave}" + (" flag" if p.flag else "")
elif isinstance(p, ALUEXEC): fields = f"src={p.src.name if isinstance(p.src, AluSrc) else p.src}"
elif isinstance(p, VMEMEXEC): fields = f"src={p.src.name if isinstance(p.src, MemSrc) else p.src}"
elif isinstance(p, (WAVESTART, WAVESTART_RDNA4, WAVEEND, WAVEEND_RDNA4)): fields = f"wave={p.wave} simd={p.simd} cu={p.cu}"
elif hasattr(p, '_fields'):
filt = {'delta', 'encoding'} if not isinstance(p, (TS_DELTA_OR_MARK, TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_RDNA4)) else {'encoding'}
fields = " ".join(f"{k}=0x{getattr(p, k):x}" if k in {'snap', 'val32'} else f"{k}={getattr(p, k)}"
for k in p._fields if not k.startswith('_') and k not in filt)
else: fields = ""
return f"{p._time:8}: {colored(f'{name:18}', PACKET_COLORS.get(name.replace('_RDNA4', ''), 'white'))} {fields}"
def print_packets(packets) -> None:
skip = {"NOP", "TS_DELTA_SHORT", "TS_WAVE_STATE", "TS_DELTA_OR_MARK",
"TS_DELTA_S5_W2", "TS_DELTA_S5_W3", "TS_DELTA_S8_W3", "REG", "EVENT"} if not getenv("NOSKIP") else {"NOP"}
for data in packets:
p, inst = data if isinstance(data, tuple) else (data, None)
if type(p).__name__.replace("_RDNA4", "") not in skip: print(format_packet(p), f"inst={inst.inst}" if inst is not None else '')
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys, pickle
from tinygrad.helpers import temp
with open(temp("profile.pkl", append_user=True) if len(sys.argv) < 2 else sys.argv[1], "rb") as f:
data = pickle.load(f)
prg_events = {e.tag: e for e in data if type(e).__name__ == "ProfileProgramEvent" and e.tag is not None}
sqtt_events = [e for e in data if type(e).__name__ == "ProfileSQTTEvent"]
dev_targets = {e.device:f"gfx{e.props['gfx_target_version']//1000}" for e in data if type(e).__name__ == "ProfileDeviceEvent" and e.props}
evt_num = getenv("SQTT_EVENT", -1)
for i, event in enumerate(sqtt_events):
prg = prg_events.get(event.kern)
print(f"=== event {i} {prg.name if prg is not None else ''} ===")
if evt_num == -1 or i == evt_num:
print_packets(map_insts(event.blob, prg.lib, dev_targets[prg.device]) if prg is not None else decode(event.blob))
print("\n")

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from typing import Literal, Callable
import math, sys, struct
from collections import defaultdict, Counter
from tinygrad.codegen.opt import tc
from tinygrad.uop.ops import GroupOp, Ops, UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, range_str, axis_letters
from tinygrad.helpers import strip_parens, getenv, prod, dedup, Target, NUM_CPU_THREADS, IMAGE, FLOAT16, is_image_shape
from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, DType, AddrSpace, truncate, float_to_bf16
from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
base_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
# local/reg buffers
(UPat(Ops.BUFFER, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ctx.render_buffer(x)),
# range/loop/if/endif
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, dtypes.void, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: "for (;;) {"),
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="x"),
lambda ctx,x: f"for ({ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)} {ctx[x]} = 0; {ctx[x]} < {ctx[x.src[0]]}; {ctx[x]}++) {{"),
(UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE), UPat(name="c", dtype=dtypes.bool))), lambda ctx,c: f" if (!({ctx[c]})) {{ break; }}\n}}"),
(UPat(Ops.IF, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"if ({ctx[x.src[0]]}) {{"),
(UPat((Ops.ENDIF, Ops.END)), lambda ctx: "}"),
# casting
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"__builtin_convertvector({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx.render_type(x)})" \
if x.max_numel() > 1 and x.addrspace is AddrSpace.REG else None),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, ctx[x.src[0]])})"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ctx[x.src[0]] if x.addrspace in (AddrSpace.GLOBAL, AddrSpace.LOCAL) else None),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"__builtin_bit_cast({ctx.render_type(x)}, ({ctx.render_type(x.src[0])})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
# GPU stuff
(UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: ctx.barrier),
(UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{ctx.code_for_workitem[x.arg[0]](x.arg[-1])}; /* {(x.src[0]).render()} */"),
# const
(UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=math.inf, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, ctx.infinity)})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=-math.inf, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, f'-{ctx.infinity}')})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, ctx.nan)})" if math.isnan(x.val) else None),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.float, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{x.val}f"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.int64, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{x.val}l"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.uint64, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{truncate[x.dtype](x.val)}ul"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.uint32, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{truncate[x.dtype](x.val)}u"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.bool, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: "1" if x.val else "0"),
# consts are rendered to larger type and casted
(UPat(Ops.CONST, (*dtypes.fp8s, dtypes.bfloat16, dtypes.half), name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, f'{x.val}f')})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, (dtypes.uint8, dtypes.uint16), name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, f'{x.val}u')})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, (dtypes.int8, dtypes.int16), name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x, str(x.val))})"),
# default const render
(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: str(x.val)),
# SHRINK/INDEX
(UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var('idx')), name="x"), lambda ctx,**kwargs: ctx.render_index(**kwargs)),
(UPat(Ops.SHRINK, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var('idx'), UPat.cvar()), name="x"), lambda ctx,**kwargs: ctx.render_index(**kwargs)),
(UPat(Ops.STACK, name="x"),
lambda ctx,x: f"{ctx.float4.replace('float4', ctx.render_type(x))}" + \
f"{ctx.float4_style[0]}{','.join([ctx[y] for y in x.src])}{ctx.float4_style[1]}"),
# load/store
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var('bidx'),)), lambda ctx,bidx: f"({ctx.render_access(bidx)})"),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var("bidx"), UPat.var("var"), UPat.var("gate"))),
lambda ctx,bidx,var,gate: f"({ctx[gate]}?{ctx.render_access(bidx)}:{ctx[var]})"),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var('bidx'), UPat.var("var"))), lambda ctx,bidx,var: f"{ctx.render_access(bidx)} = {ctx[var]};"),
# alu/gep
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"__{_wmma_name(x)}({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx[x.src[1]]}, {ctx[x.src[2]]})"),
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ctx.code_for_op[x.op](
*([strip_parens(ctx[v]) if v.op == x.op and x.op in {Ops.ADD, Ops.MUL, Ops.XOR, Ops.OR, Ops.AND} else ctx[v] for v in x.src]), x.dtype)),
# call an external function
(UPat(Ops.CALL, src=(UPat(),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f"((({ctx.abi}{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}(*)({', '.join(ctx.render_type(y) for y in x.src[1:])}))({ctx[x.src[0]]}))" +
f"({', '.join(f'({ctx.render_type(y)})({ctx[y]})' for y in x.src[1:])}))" + (";" if x.dtype is dtypes.void else "")),
# custom passes through with format
(UPat((Ops.CUSTOM, Ops.CUSTOMI), name="x"), lambda ctx,x: x.arg.format(*[ctx[y] for y in x.src])),
])
def create_non_native_float_pats(dts:tuple[DType, ...], casting:bool=True):
patterns = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WHERE, dtype=dts, src=(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y")), name="w"),
lambda w,b,x,y: b.where(x.cast(dtypes.float), y.cast(dtypes.float)).cast(w.dtype)),
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU-{Ops.WHERE}, dtype=dts, name="x"),
lambda x: UOp(x.op, src=tuple(vv.cast(dtypes.float) for vv in x.src), arg=x.arg).cast(x.dtype)),
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU, dtypes.bool, name="alu", src=(UPat.var("x", dtype=dts), UPat.var("y", dtype=dts))),
lambda alu,x,y: UOp(alu.op, src=(x.cast(dtypes.float), y.cast(dtypes.float)), arg=alu.arg))])
if casting:
# add float intermediate casting
patterns += PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dts, (UPat.var("x"),), name="y"), lambda x,y: x.cast(dtypes.float).cast(y.dtype) if x.dtype!=dtypes.float else None),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", src=(UPat.var("y", dts),)), lambda x,y: y.cast(dtypes.float).cast(x.dtype) if x.dtype!=dtypes.float else None)])
return patterns
def cast_float_to_bf16(x: UOp) -> UOp:
assert x.dtype == dtypes.float, "cast float -> bf16 must start with float"
x = x.bitcast(dtypes.uint)
x = (-x & 0x7f800000).ne(0).where(x + ((x >> 16) & 1) + 0x7fff, (x & 0xffff).ne(0).where((x | 0x10000), x))
return (x >> 16).cast(dtypes.ushort).bitcast(dtypes.bfloat16)
# manual bfloat16 casting patterns (shared between LLVM, Clang, and AMD renderers to avoid compiler intrinsics)
pm_manual_bf16_cast = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.float, (UPat.var("x", dtypes.bfloat16),)),
lambda x: (x.bitcast(dtypes.ushort).cast(dtypes.uint)<<16).bitcast(dtypes.float)),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtype=dtypes.bfloat16, src=(UPat.var("x", dtype=dtypes.float),)), cast_float_to_bf16),
])
def uops_to_dtypes(uops:list[UOp]) -> list[tuple[DType, int]]:
return dedup((u.dtype, u.max_numel()) for u in uops if u.addrspace in (AddrSpace.ALU, None) and u.dtype != dtypes.void and u._shape is not None)
def _wmma_name(u:UOp) -> str:
# sanitize spaces in DType.name (int8 = "signed char")
return f"WMMA_{'_'.join(map(str, u.arg[0]))}_{u.arg[1].name}_{u.dtype.scalar().name}".replace(" ", "_")
# (name, dims, dtype_in, dtype_out, device, threads, upcast_sizes)
def wmma_args(uops:list[UOp]):
return dedup((_wmma_name(uop), uop.arg[0], uop.arg[1], uop.dtype.scalar(), *(uop.arg[2:4]),
tuple(uop.src[i].shape[-1] for i in range(3)))
for uop in uops if uop.op is Ops.WMMA)
class CStyleLanguage(Renderer):
abi: str = ""
kernel_typedef: str = "void"
buffer_prefix: str = ""
buffer_suffix: str = ""
smem_align: str = ""
smem_prefix: str = ""
smem_prefix_for_cast: bool = True
var_prefix: str = "const "
var_suffix: str = ""
barrier: str = ""
code_for_workitem: dict[Literal["g", "l", "i"], Callable] = {}
extra_args: list[str] = []
float4: str|None = None
float4_style: tuple[str, str] = ('(', ')')
gep_arr_threshold: int = 4
type_map: dict[DType, str] = {}
infinity: str = "INFINITY"
nan: str = "NAN"
code_for_op: dict = {
Ops.SQRT: lambda x,dtype: f"sqrt({x})", Ops.RECIPROCAL: lambda x,dtype: f"(1/{x})", Ops.NEG: lambda x,dtype: f"-{x}",
Ops.EXP2: lambda x,dtype: f"exp2({x})", Ops.LOG2: lambda x,dtype: f"log2({x})", Ops.SIN: lambda x,dtype: f"sin({x})",
Ops.TRUNC: lambda x,dtype: f"trunc({x})",
Ops.AND: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}&{b})", Ops.XOR: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}^{b})", Ops.OR: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}|{b})",
Ops.ADD: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}+{b})", Ops.SUB: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}-{b})", Ops.MUL: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}*{b})",
Ops.CMOD: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}%{b})", Ops.CDIV: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}/{b})", Ops.CMPNE: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}!={b})",
Ops.SHR: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}>>{b})", Ops.SHL: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}<<{b})", Ops.CMPLT: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}<{b})",
Ops.WHERE: lambda a,b,c,dtype: f"({a}?{b}:{c})", Ops.CMPEQ: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}=={b})"}
string_rewrite = base_rewrite
def render_kernel(self, function_name:str, kernel:list[str], bufs:list[tuple[str,tuple[UOp,bool]]], uops:list[UOp], prefix=None) -> str:
tmp = ""
if any(is_image_shape(u._shape) for _,(u,_) in bufs):
tmp = "const sampler_t smp = CLK_NORMALIZED_COORDS_FALSE | CLK_ADDRESS_CLAMP | CLK_FILTER_NEAREST;\n"
buftypes = [(name, ("volatile " if u.arg.volatile else "")+(self.var_prefix if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.ALU else "")+
self._render_dtype(u.dtype, sz=1, addrspace=u.addrspace, mutable=mutable, shape=u._shape)+
(self.var_suffix if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.ALU else self.buffer_suffix)) for name,(u,mutable) in bufs]
local_dims = [u.src[0] for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == "l"]
launch_bounds = prod([d.vmax for d in local_dims])
prg = ''.join([f"{self.kernel_typedef.format(launch_bounds=launch_bounds)} {function_name}(",] +
[', '.join([f'{t} {name}' for name,t in buftypes] + self.extra_args)] +
[") {\n" + tmp] + ['\n'.join(kernel), "\n}"])
return prg if prefix is None else "\n".join(prefix)+f"\n{prg}"
def render_index(self, x:UOp, buf:UOp, idx:UOp):
if buf.addrspace == AddrSpace.ALU:
# this is lane access in C
if idx.op is not Ops.CONST: return f"({self[buf]})[{self[idx]}]"
return self[buf]+(f"[{idx.val}]" if buf.max_numel() > self.gep_arr_threshold else f".{'xyzwabcd'[idx.val]}")
return f"({self[buf]}+{strip_parens(self[idx]) if idx.arg == Ops.ADD else self[idx]})"
def render_buffer(self, x:UOp):
lanes = 1
prefix = f"{self.smem_align}{self.smem_prefix}" if x.addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL else ""
suffix = f"[{x.max_numel()}]"
return f"{prefix}{self._render_dtype(x.dtype, sz=lanes)} {self[x]}{suffix};"
def _render_dtype(self, dtype:DType, sz:int=1, addrspace=AddrSpace.ALU, mutable=True, override_ptr=False, shape=None):
if is_image_shape(shape): return f"{'write_only' if mutable else 'read_only'} image2d_t"
prefix, suffix = "", ""
if addrspace in (AddrSpace.LOCAL, AddrSpace.GLOBAL):
if addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL and self.smem_prefix_for_cast: prefix = self.smem_prefix
if addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL: prefix = self.buffer_prefix
if addrspace in (AddrSpace.LOCAL, AddrSpace.GLOBAL) or override_ptr:
suffix = "*"
if sz > 1:
return prefix + self.type_map.get(scalar:=dtype.scalar(), scalar.name).replace(" ", "_") + str(sz) + suffix
return prefix + self.type_map.get(scalar:=dtype.scalar(), scalar.name) + suffix
def render_type(self, u:UOp): return self._render_dtype(u.dtype, u.max_numel(), u.addrspace, shape=u._shape)
def render_access(self, u:UOp):
if u.max_numel() > 1 or u.dtype != u.src[0].dtype:
return f"*(({self._render_dtype(u.dtype, u.max_numel(), u.addrspace, override_ptr=True, shape=u._shape)})({self[u]}))"
else: return f"*{self[u]}"
def render_cast(self, u:UOp, val:str) -> str: return f"({self.render_type(u)})({val})"
# LEGACY
def render_dtype(self, dt:DType, mutable=True) -> str:
return self._render_dtype(dt, 1, AddrSpace.REG)
def __getitem__(self, key): return self.r[key] # hacky helper
def _render(self, uops:list[UOp]) -> tuple[str, list[str], list[tuple[str,tuple[UOp,bool]]]]:
r: dict[UOp, str] = {}
self.r = r
child_count = Counter(v for ru in uops for v in ru.src)
# find which PARAMs are stored to with a single toposort
writable_params = {u for u in UOp.sink(*[u.src[0] for u in uops if u.op is Ops.STORE]).toposort(lambda u: u.op != Ops.END) if u.op is Ops.PARAM}
bufs: dict[UOp, tuple[str, tuple[UOp, bool]]] = {}
kernel = []
depth = 1
c: defaultdict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
name = "test"
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP}: continue
if u.op == Ops.STACK and len(u.src) == 0: continue
if u.op is Ops.AFTER:
r[u] = r[u.src[0]]
continue
if u.op is Ops.SINK:
if u.arg is not None: name = u.arg.function_name
continue
if u.op is Ops.PARAM:
r[u] = f"data{u.arg.slot}_" + '_'.join([str(x) for x in u.shape])
bufs[u] = (r[u], (u, u in writable_params))
continue
# naming
prefix = None
if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL: r[u] = u.arg
elif u.op is Ops.RANGE: r[u] = f"{axis_letters[u.arg[-1]]}idx"+range_str(u)
else:
prefix = {Ops.WMMA: "wmma", Ops.CONST: "const", Ops.BUFFER: "buf", Ops.CAST: "cast", Ops.BITCAST: "cast", Ops.STACK: "cast",
Ops.INDEX: "bidx", Ops.LOAD: "val"}.get(u.op, "alu")
r[u] = f"{prefix}{c[prefix]}"
l: str|None = self.string_rewrite.rewrite(u, ctx=self)
assert l is not None, f"failed to render {u.op} {u.dtype} {[(x.op,x.dtype) for x in u.src]} {u.arg}"
if u.op in {Ops.ENDIF, Ops.END}: depth -= 1
if (u.op is not Ops.CAST or u.max_numel() == 1) and (u.op in {Ops.CONST, Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK, Ops.CUSTOMI} or \
(u.op is Ops.LOAD and u.src[0].addrspace == AddrSpace.REG and child_count[u] == 1) or \
(u.op is Ops.CAST and u.addrspace in (AddrSpace.GLOBAL, AddrSpace.LOCAL)) or \
(u.op in {Ops.STACK, *(GroupOp.ALU-{Ops.WHERE}), Ops.CAST, Ops.BITCAST} and child_count[u] == 1 and not getenv("EXPAND_SSA"))):
r[u] = l
else:
if u.op not in {Ops.RANGE, Ops.STORE, Ops.BUFFER} and u.dtype != dtypes.void:
l = f"{self.render_type(u)} {r[u]} = {l}" + (";" if u.op is not Ops.SPECIAL else "")
kernel.append("\n".join(" "*depth + line for line in l.split("\n")))
if prefix: c[prefix] += 1 # if it was used, increment
if u.op in {Ops.IF, Ops.RANGE}: depth += 1
del self.r
# NOTE: this relies on bufs dict preserving order
return (name, kernel, list(bufs.values()))
def render(self, uops:list[UOp]) -> str: return self.render_kernel(*self._render(uops), uops)
class ClangRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
float4 = "(float4)"
float4_style = ('{', '}')
gep_arr_threshold = 0
has_local = False
has_threads = bool(getenv("THREADS", 1))
global_max = (NUM_CPU_THREADS.value, 0, 0)
infinity = "__builtin_inff()"
nan = '__builtin_nanf("")'
# language options
buffer_suffix = " restrict"
type_map = {dtypes.bool:"_Bool", dtypes.half:"__fp16"}
code_for_op = {**({k:v for k,v in CStyleLanguage.code_for_op.items() if k not in [Ops.EXP2, Ops.SIN, Ops.LOG2, Ops.TRUNC, Ops.RECIPROCAL]}),
Ops.SQRT: lambda x,dtype: f"__builtin_sqrt({x})" if dtype == dtypes.float64 else f"__builtin_sqrtf({x})",
Ops.TRUNC: lambda x,dtype: f"__builtin_trunc({x})" if dtype == dtypes.float64 else f"__builtin_truncf({x})",
Ops.FDIV: lambda a,b,dtype: f"({a}/{b})"}
# LLVM legalizes double => half/bf16 cast on systems that don't support it natively (like x86 cpus without AVX512-FP16) into a compiler-rt libcall.
# there is also no native bfl16 <-> fp16 conversion on those CPUs
extra_matcher = PatternMatcher([(UPat.var("x", dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.float16), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.float16)),
(UPat.var("x", dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.bfloat16), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.bfloat16)),
(UPat.var("x", dtypes.bfloat16).cast(dtypes.float16), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.float16))]) \
+ create_non_native_float_pats((dtypes.bfloat16,)) + pm_manual_bf16_cast
if sys.platform == 'win32':
abi = "__attribute__((ms_abi)) "
kernel_typedef = abi + "void"
def render_vector_prefix(self, dt:DType, count:int) -> str:
# round (down) to power of two (this is actually the default clang behavior)
alignment = 2**int(math.log2(dt.itemsize * count)) if getenv("ALIGNED", 1) and not dtypes.is_bool(dt) else 1
vec = self._render_dtype(dt, count, AddrSpace.REG)
return f"typedef {self.render_dtype(dt)} {vec} __attribute__((aligned({alignment}),ext_vector_type({count})));"
def _render_defines(self, uops) -> list[str]: return [self.render_vector_prefix(dt, count) for dt, count in uops_to_dtypes(uops) if count > 1]
def _render_body(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, pref=None) -> str: return super().render_kernel(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, pref)
def _render_entry(self, function_name:str, bufs:list[tuple[str,tuple[UOp,bool]]]) -> str: return ""
def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None) -> str:
defines = '\n'.join(self._render_defines(uops))
return defines + "\n" + self._render_body(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix) + "\n" + self._render_entry(function_name, bufs)
def supported_dtypes(self):
return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if (d != dtypes.bfloat16 or self.target.arch.startswith(("x86", "arm"))) and d not in dtypes.fp8s}
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cpu import ClangCompiler
self.compiler = ClangCompiler(target.arch.split(","))
class OpenCLRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
# language options
kernel_typedef = "__kernel void"
buffer_prefix = "__global "
smem_align = "__attribute__ ((aligned (16))) "
smem_prefix = "__local "
barrier = "barrier(CLK_LOCAL_MEM_FENCE);"
float4 = "(float4)"
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"get_group_id({x})", "l": lambda x: f"get_local_id({x})", "i": lambda x: f"get_global_id({x})"}
type_map = { dtypes.int8: "char", dtypes.uint8: "uchar", dtypes.uint32: "uint", dtypes.uint16: "ushort", dtypes.uint64: "ulong",
dtypes.bfloat16: "ushort" }
extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats((dtypes.bfloat16,)) + pm_manual_bf16_cast
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
# bfloat16 constants need to be rendered as their bit pattern since bf16 is stored as ushort
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.bfloat16, name="x"),
lambda ctx,x: f"{(struct.unpack('I', struct.pack('f', float_to_bf16(x.val)))[0] >> 16)}u"),
# load/store image (OpenCL)
(UPat.var('buf').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')), lambda ctx,buf,idx_y,idx_x: f"IMAGE<{ctx[buf]}, {ctx[idx_y]}, {ctx[idx_x]}>"),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtype=dtypes.float, src=(UPat.var('buf').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')), UPat.var("var"), UPat.var("gate"))),
lambda ctx,buf,idx_y,idx_x,var,gate: f"({ctx[gate]}?read_imagef({ctx[buf]}, smp, (int2)({ctx[idx_x]},{ctx[idx_y]})):{ctx[var]})"),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtype=dtypes.float, src=(UPat.var('buf').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')),)),
lambda ctx,buf,idx_y,idx_x: f"read_imagef({ctx[buf]}, smp, (int2)({ctx[idx_x]},{ctx[idx_y]}))"),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var('buf').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')), UPat.var("var", dtypes.float))),
lambda ctx,buf,idx_y,idx_x,var: f"write_imagef({ctx[buf]}, (int2)({ctx[idx_x]},{ctx[idx_y]}), {ctx[var]});"),
]) + base_rewrite
def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None) -> str:
if any(uop.dtype == dtypes.half for uop in uops): prefix = (["#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION cl_khr_fp16 : enable"] + (prefix or []))
return super().render_kernel(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix)
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes()
if (d != dtypes.half or "cl_khr_fp16" in self.target.arch) and
(d != dtypes.double or "cl_khr_fp64" in self.target.arch) and d not in dtypes.fp8s}
class MetalRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.ops_metal import MetalCompiler
self.compiler, self.tensor_cores = MetalCompiler(), tc.metal if target.arch.startswith("Apple") and int(target.arch[5:]) >= 7 else []
# language options
kernel_typedef = "kernel void"
buffer_prefix = "device "
smem_prefix = "threadgroup __attribute__((aligned(16))) "
var_prefix = "constant "
var_suffix = "&"
barrier = "threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);"
float4 = "float4"
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"gid.{chr(120+int(x))}", "l": lambda x: f"lid.{chr(120+int(x))}"}
# uint3 used for gid/lid - TODO: this should probably be `ushort3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]]`
extra_args = ['uint3 gid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]]', 'uint3 lid [[thread_position_in_threadgroup]]']
type_map = {dtypes.uint32: "uint", dtypes.bfloat16: "bfloat"}
# precise::sin
code_for_op = {**CStyleLanguage.code_for_op, Ops.SIN: lambda x,dtype: f"precise::sin({x})"}
# upcast to float32 all the ops that don't support bfloat16
extra_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# NOTE: this is copied from PTX
(UPat((Ops.SQRT, Ops.EXP2, Ops.LOG2, Ops.SIN), dtype=dtypes.bfloat16, name="x"),
lambda x: (UOp(x.op, src=tuple(vv.cast(dtypes.float) for vv in x.src), arg=x.arg).cast(dtypes.bfloat16))),
]) + pm_manual_bf16_cast
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_type<{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}>(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
]) + base_rewrite
def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None):
prefix = ["#include <metal_stdlib>","using namespace metal;"]
deduped_wmma_args = dedup([(name, dtype_in, dtype_out) for name, _, dtype_in, dtype_out, _, _, _ in wmma_args(uops)])
for name, dtype_in, dtype_out in deduped_wmma_args:
dstr_out, dstr_in = self._render_dtype(dtype_out, 2, AddrSpace.REG), self._render_dtype(dtype_in, 2, AddrSpace.REG)
prefix.append(
f"""{dstr_out} __{name}({dstr_in} a, {dstr_in} b, {dstr_out} c){{
simdgroup_{self.render_dtype(dtype_in)}8x8 mat_a, mat_b; simdgroup_{self.render_dtype(dtype_out)}8x8 mat_c;
mat_a.thread_elements()[0] = a[0]; mat_b.thread_elements()[0] = b[0]; mat_c.thread_elements()[0] = c[0];
mat_a.thread_elements()[1] = a[1]; mat_b.thread_elements()[1] = b[1]; mat_c.thread_elements()[1] = c[1];
simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(mat_c, mat_a, mat_b, mat_c);\n return {dstr_out}(mat_c.thread_elements()[0], mat_c.thread_elements()[1]);\n}}""")
return super().render_kernel(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix)
def supported_dtypes(self):
return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if (d != dtypes.bfloat16 or ((arch:=self.target.arch).startswith("Apple") and int(arch[5:]) >= 6))
and d not in dtypes.fp8s+(dtypes.double,)}
_nms = list("xyzwabcdefghijkl") + [f'v{i}' for i in range(16, 32)]
class CUDARenderer(CStyleLanguage):
global_max = (2147483647, 65535, 65535)
local_max = (1024, 1024, 64)
shared_max = 49152
def __init__(self, target:Target, use_nvcc=False):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cuda import NVRTCCompiler, NVCCCompiler
iface, dev, arch = target.interface, target.device, target.arch
self.compiler = (NVCCCompiler if use_nvcc else NVRTCCompiler)(arch, ptx=iface.startswith("MOCK") or dev == "CUDA", cache_key=dev.lower())
self.tensor_cores = tc.get_cuda(arch)
# language options
# https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/index.html
kernel_typedef = "extern \"C\" __global__ void __launch_bounds__({launch_bounds})"
smem_prefix = "__shared__ __align__(16) "
smem_prefix_for_cast = False
barrier = "__syncthreads();"
float4 = "make_float4"
gep_arr_threshold = 8
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"blockIdx.{chr(120+int(x))}", "l": lambda x: f"threadIdx.{chr(120+int(x))}",
"i": lambda x: f"(blockIdx.{chr(120+int(x))}*blockDim.{chr(120+int(x))}+threadIdx.{chr(120+int(x))})"}
code_for_op = { **CStyleLanguage.code_for_op,
Ops.TRUNC: lambda x,dtype: f"htrunc({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"trunc({x})",
Ops.SIN: lambda x,dtype: f"hsin({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"sin({x})",
Ops.LOG2: lambda x,dtype: f"hlog2({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"log2({x})",
Ops.EXP2: lambda x,dtype: f"hexp2({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"exp2({x})",
Ops.SQRT: lambda x,dtype: f"hsqrt({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"sqrt({x})",
Ops.RECIPROCAL: lambda x,dtype: f"hrcp({x})" if dtype in (dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16) else f"(1/{x})" }
type_map = {dtypes.uint32: "uint", dtypes.bfloat16: "nv_bfloat16", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "__nv_fp8_e4m3", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "__nv_fp8_e5m2"}
extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats(dtypes.fp8s, casting=False) + PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.fp8s, UPat.var("x", dtypes.fp8s), name='y'), lambda x,y: x.cast(dtypes.float).cast(y.dtype) if x.dtype!=y.dtype else None),
])
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"tg_bitcast<{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}>(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
]) + base_rewrite
def render_vector_prefix(self, dt:DType, count:int) -> str:
vec, scal = self._render_dtype(dt, count, AddrSpace.REG), self.render_dtype(dt)
elems, header = ', '.join(_nms[:count]), ', '.join([f"{scal} {x}" for x in _nms[:count]])
return f"struct __align__({dt.itemsize * count}) {vec} {{ {scal} {elems}; }}; " \
f"__device__ {vec} make_{vec}({header}) {{ {vec} r={{{elems}}}; return r; }}"
def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None):
# TODO: why is dtypes.bfloat16.name == "__bf16"? would be easier not override dtypes.name
prefix = ["typedef unsigned int uint;", "#define INFINITY (__int_as_float(0x7f800000))", "#define NAN (__int_as_float(0x7fffffff))",
"template <class T, class F> __device__ __forceinline__ T tg_bitcast(F v) { union U { F f; T t; }; U u; u.f = v; return u.t; }"]
used_dtypes = uops_to_dtypes(uops)
if any(dt in dtypes.fp8s for dt, _ in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#include <cuda_fp8.h>")
if any(dt == dtypes.half for dt, _ in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#include <cuda_fp16.h>")
if any(dt == dtypes.bfloat16 for dt, _ in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#include <cuda_bf16.h>")
prefix += [self.render_vector_prefix(dt, count) for dt, count in used_dtypes if (count in (4,8) and dt in {dtypes.half, dtypes.bfloat16})
or (count in (2,4,8,16) and dt in dtypes.fp8s)]
dt_map_in = { dtypes.float: "tf32", dtypes.half: "f16", dtypes.bfloat16: "bf16", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "e4m3", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "e5m2" }
dt_map_out = { dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.half: "f16" }
for name, (N, M, K), dtype_in, dtype_out, _, _, upcast_sizes in wmma_args(uops):
wmma_dtypes = [self._render_dtype(dtype, size, AddrSpace.REG) for dtype, size in zip([dtype_in, dtype_in, dtype_out], upcast_sizes)]
n_operands = [size*dtype.itemsize//4 for dtype, size in zip([dtype_in, dtype_in, dtype_out], upcast_sizes)] # 4 => CUDA reg size in bytes
operands = [f"%{i}" for i in range(sum(n_operands))]
# mma operands => {c}, {a}, {b}, {c}
prefix.append(f"""__device__ {wmma_dtypes[2]} __{name}({wmma_dtypes[0]} a, {wmma_dtypes[1]} b, {wmma_dtypes[2]} c){{
int *a_pk = (int *)(&a), *b_pk = (int *)(&b), *c_pk = (int *)(&c);
asm("mma.sync.aligned.m{M}n{N}k{K}.row.col.{dt_map_out[dtype_out]}.{dt_map_in[dtype_in]}.{dt_map_in[dtype_in]}.{dt_map_out[dtype_out]}"
"{{{", ".join(operands[:n_operands[2]])}}}, {{{", ".join(operands[n_operands[2]:n_operands[2]+n_operands[0]])}}},"
"{{{", ".join(operands[-n_operands[1]:])}}}, {{{", ".join(operands[:n_operands[2]])}}};"
: {", ".join([f'"+r"(c_pk[{i}])' for i in range(n_operands[2])])}
: {", ".join([f'"r"(a_pk[{i}])' for i in range(n_operands[0])])}, {", ".join([f'"r"(b_pk[{i}])' for i in range(n_operands[1])])});
return c;\n}}""")
return super().render_kernel(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=prefix)
def supported_dtypes(self):
ver = int(self.target.arch[3:])
return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if (d != dtypes.half or ver >= 53) and (d != dtypes.bfloat16 or ver >= 80)
and (d not in dtypes.fp8_ocp or ver >= 89) and d not in dtypes.fp8_fnuz}
class NVCCRenderer(CUDARenderer):
def __init__(self, target:Target): super().__init__(target, use_nvcc=True)
def fp8_index(dtype: DType): return (dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.fp8e5m2).index(dtype.scalar())
def _ocml(op): return lambda x,dtype: f"__ocml_{op}_f{ {dtypes.half:16, dtypes.double:64}.get(dtype, 32)}({x})"
class HIPRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
shared_max = 65536
# NOTE: this is only really needed on gfx12, even though gfx11 reports the same limitation
global_max = (2147483647, 65535, 65535)
global_prod_max = (0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF)
@staticmethod
def is_cdna(arch): return arch.split(":")[0] in {"gfx942", "gfx950"}
@staticmethod
def is_cdna4(arch): return arch.split(":")[0] == "gfx950"
def __init__(self, target:Target, use_hipcc=False): # gfx942 => MI300, gfx1100 => RX 7900, gfx1201 => RX 9700
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler, HIPCCCompiler
self.compiler, self.tensor_cores = (HIPCCCompiler if use_hipcc else HIPCompiler)(target.arch), tc.get_amd(target.arch)
if not self.is_cdna4(target.arch): self.extra_matcher += pm_manual_bf16_cast
if self.is_cdna(target.arch):
self.string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"__{_wmma_name(x)}({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx[x.src[1]]}, {ctx[x.src[2]]},"
f" {fp8_index(x.src[0].dtype)}, {fp8_index(x.src[0].dtype)}, 0, 0, 0, 0)" if x.arg[0][2] == 128 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"__{_wmma_name(x)}({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx[x.src[1]]}, {ctx[x.src[2]]}, 0, 0, 0)"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.fp8s, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"f32_to_fp8({ctx.nan}, {fp8_index(x.dtype)})" if math.isnan(x.val) else None),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.fp8s, arg=math.inf, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"f32_to_fp8({ctx.infinity}, {fp8_index(x.dtype)})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.fp8s, arg=-math.inf, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"f32_to_fp8(-{ctx.infinity}, {fp8_index(x.dtype)})"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.fp8s, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"f32_to_fp8({x.val}f, {fp8_index(x.dtype)})"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.fp8s, (UPat(dtype=dtypes.float),), name="x",),
lambda ctx,x: f"f32_to_fp8({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {fp8_index(x.dtype)})"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.float, (UPat.var("y", dtypes.fp8s),), name="x",),
lambda ctx,x,y: f"__builtin_amdgcn_cvt_f32_{('fp8', 'bf8')[fp8_index(y.dtype)]}((unsigned int){ctx[x.src[0]]}, 0)"),
]) + base_rewrite
# https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#amdgpu-flat-work-group-size
# NOTE: this makes hlb_cifar10 twice as fast, there may be more gains in tweaking these parameters
kernel_typedef = 'extern "C" __attribute__((global)) void __attribute__((amdgpu_flat_work_group_size(1, {launch_bounds})))'
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"__ockl_get_group_id({x})", "l": lambda x: f"__ockl_get_local_id({x})",
"i": lambda x: f"(__ockl_get_group_id({x})*__ockl_get_local_size({x})+__ockl_get_local_id({x}))"}
code_for_op = {**CStyleLanguage.code_for_op, Ops.TRUNC: _ocml("trunc"), Ops.SIN: _ocml("sin"),
Ops.LOG2: _ocml("log2"), Ops.EXP2: _ocml("exp2"), Ops.SQRT: _ocml("sqrt")}
smem_prefix = "__attribute__((shared, aligned(16)))"
smem_prefix_for_cast: bool = False
barrier = '__builtin_amdgcn_fence(__ATOMIC_RELEASE, "workgroup");' + '__builtin_amdgcn_s_barrier();' + \
'__builtin_amdgcn_fence(__ATOMIC_ACQUIRE, "workgroup");'
float4 = "make_float4"
type_map = {dtypes.bfloat16: "hip_bfloat16", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "hip_fp8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "hip_bf8"}
extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats((dtypes.bfloat16, *dtypes.fp8s)) + PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint64), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint64), x.src[2]))
if x.src[0].max_numel() == 8 and x.src[0].dtype in dtypes.fp8_ocp else None),
# bfloat16 constant casting
(UPat.cvar('x', dtypes.bfloat16), lambda x: cast_float_to_bf16(UOp.const(x.val, dtypes.float))),
])
def asm(self, prg:UOp, lin:UOp) -> bytes:
from tinygrad.renderer.amd.elf import assemble_linear
return assemble_linear(prg, lin, self.target.arch)
def render_vector_prefix(self, dtype:DType, count:int) -> str:
vec, scal = self._render_dtype(dtype, count, AddrSpace.REG), self.render_dtype(dtype)
return f"typedef {scal} {vec} __attribute__((ext_vector_type({count})));\nstatic inline __attribute__((device)) "+ \
f"{vec} make_{vec}({', '.join([f'{scal} {x}' for x in _nms[:count]])}) {{ return {{ {', '.join(_nms[:count])} }}; }}"
def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None) -> str:
prefix, ockl = [], []
type_map = { dtypes.bfloat16: "bf16", dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.half: "f16", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "_fp8_fp8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "_bf8_bf8" }
used_dtypes = uops_to_dtypes(uops)
if any(u.op is Ops.CONST and not math.isfinite(u.val) for u in uops):
prefix += ["#define INFINITY (__builtin_inff())", "#define NAN (__builtin_nanf(\"\"))"]
if any(u.op is Ops.SPECIAL for u in uops):
prefix.append("typedef long unsigned int size_t;")
ockl = [(f"__ockl_get_{name}", "unsigned int", "size_t", "const") for name in ["local_id", "group_id", "local_size"]]
ocml_ops = {Ops.EXP2: ("exp2", "pure"), Ops.LOG2: ("log2", "pure"), Ops.SQRT: ("sqrt", "const"), Ops.SIN: ("sin", ""), Ops.TRUNC: ("trunc", "")}
ocml = [(f"__ocml_{ocml_ops[op][0]}_f{dt.bitsize}", dt.name, dt.name, ocml_ops[op][1])
for op, dt in dedup((u.op, u.dtype.scalar()) for u in uops) if op in ocml_ops and dt in (dtypes.half, dtypes.float, dtypes.double)]
if any(dt == dtypes.bfloat16 for dt, _ in used_dtypes):
prefix.append(f"typedef {'__bf16' if self.is_cdna4(self.target.arch) else 'unsigned short'} hip_bfloat16;")
if any(dt == dtypes.half for dt, _ in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#define half _Float16")
if any(dt in dtypes.fp8s for dt, _ in used_dtypes):
prefix += ["typedef unsigned char hip_bf8;", "typedef unsigned char hip_fp8;"]
if any((u.op is Ops.CAST and u.dtype in dtypes.fp8s and u.src[0].dtype == dtypes.float) or
(u.op is Ops.CONST and u.dtype in dtypes.fp8s) for u in uops):
prefix.append("""static inline __attribute__((device)) unsigned char f32_to_fp8(float v, int is_bf8) {
v = (((*(unsigned*)&v)&0x7F800000)!=0x7F800000)?__builtin_amdgcn_fmed3f(v,is_bf8?57344.0f:448.0f,is_bf8?-57344.0f:-448.0f) : v;
return (unsigned char)(is_bf8?__builtin_amdgcn_cvt_pk_bf8_f32(v,v,0,false):__builtin_amdgcn_cvt_pk_fp8_f32(v,v,0,false));\n}""")
prefix += [f'extern "C" __attribute__((device{f", {atr}" if atr else ""})) {dto} {meth}({dti});' for meth,dti,dto,atr in ockl+ocml]
prefix += [self.render_vector_prefix(dt, count) for dt, count in used_dtypes if count > 1]
for name, (N, M, K), dtype_in, dtype_out, _, _, _ in wmma_args(uops): # TODO: handle TCs f32_bf16 and bf16_bf16 w/ wrapper
if self.is_cdna(self.target.arch):
if (N, M, K) == (16, 16, 16): type_map[dtypes.bfloat16] = 'bf16_1k'
elif (N, M, K) == (16, 16, 32): type_map = {**type_map, dtypes.bfloat16: "_bf16", dtypes.half: "_f16"}
elif (N, M, K) == (16, 16, 128): type_map = {**type_map, dtypes.fp8e4m3: "_f8f6f4", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "_f8f6f4"}
prefix.append(f"#define __{name} __builtin_amdgcn_mfma_{'scale_' if K == 128 else ''}f32_{N}x{M}x{K}{type_map[dtype_in]}")
# #define __WMMA_16_16_16_half_half __builtin_amdgcn_wmma_f16_16x16x16_f16_w32_gfx12
elif self.tensor_cores == tc.amd_rdna4:
prefix.append(f"#define __{name} __builtin_amdgcn_wmma_{type_map[dtype_out]}_16x16x16_{type_map[dtype_in]}_w32_gfx12")
elif dtype_out == dtypes.int32:
prefix.append("typedef int wmma_int4 __attribute__((ext_vector_type(4)));\n"+
f"static inline __attribute__((device)) int8 __{name}"+"""(signed_char16 a, signed_char16 b, int8 c) {
return __builtin_amdgcn_wmma_i32_16x16x16_iu8_w32(true, __builtin_bit_cast(wmma_int4, a),
true, __builtin_bit_cast(wmma_int4, b), c, false);\n}""")
elif dtype_out == dtypes.float:
prefix.append(f"#define __{name} __builtin_amdgcn_wmma_f32_16x16x16_{'f16' if dtype_in == dtypes.half else 'bf16'}_w32")
else: prefix.append(f"static inline __attribute__((device)) half8 __{name}"+"""(half16 a, half16 b, half8 c) {
half16 c_frag = {}; half8 d; for (int n = 0; n < 8; n++) { c_frag[n*2] = c[n]; }
c_frag = __builtin_amdgcn_wmma_f16_16x16x16_f16_w32(a, b, c_frag, false);
for (int n = 0; n < 8; n++) { d[n] = c_frag[n*2]; } return d;\n}""")
return super().render_kernel(function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix)
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes()
if (d not in dtypes.fp8_ocp or self.target.arch == "gfx950") and d not in dtypes.fp8_fnuz}
class HIPCCRenderer(HIPRenderer):
def __init__(self, target:Target): super().__init__(target, use_hipcc=True)
class QCOMCLRenderer(OpenCLRenderer):
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_qcom import QCOMCompiler
self.compiler = QCOMCompiler(target.arch)
# QCOM compiler is flaky with half
def supported_dtypes(self):
return {d for d in Renderer.supported_dtypes(self)
if (d != dtypes.float16 or (bool(IMAGE) and bool(FLOAT16))) and d not in dtypes.fp8s+(dtypes.bfloat16,dtypes.double)}
# QCOM's load vectorizer emits invalid IR for vectorized bool loads ("Range types must match load type"), type bool buffers as uchar
def _render_dtype(self, dtype:DType, sz:int=1, addrspace=AddrSpace.ALU, mutable=True, override_ptr=False, shape=None):
if dtype == dtypes.bool and addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL: dtype = dtypes.uint8
return super()._render_dtype(dtype, sz, addrspace, mutable, override_ptr, shape)

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from __future__ import annotations
import itertools
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
from tinygrad.uop.ops import PatternMatcher, UOp, Ops, consumer_map_from_toposort
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Register:
name: str
index: int
_cons: tuple[Register, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
size: int = 8
@property
def cons(self): return self._cons or (self,)
def __repr__(self): return self.name
class IselContext:
def __init__(self, sink:UOp):
self.uses = consumer_map_from_toposort(sink.toposort())
self.reg_n = itertools.count()
def arg_key(u:UOp):
if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL: return (2, u.arg)
return (0, u.arg.slot) if u.arg.addrspace is not None else (1, u.expr)
self.func_args = sorted([u for u in self.uses if u.op in {Ops.PARAM, Ops.SPECIAL}], key=arg_key)
def vreg(self, cons:tuple[Register, ...]|Register):
return Register(f"v{next(self.reg_n)}", 0, _cons=cons if isinstance(cons, tuple) else (cons,))
def greg(u:UOp):
if u.op in {Ops.NOOP, Ops.AFTER} and u.src: return greg(u.src[0])
if isinstance(u.tag, tuple): return u.tag[0]
return u.tag
@dataclass
class PreRegAllocContext:
lock: UOp|None = None
clobbered: set[UOp] = field(default_factory=set)
class ISARenderer(Renderer):
pre_isel_matcher: PatternMatcher
isel_matcher: PatternMatcher
pre_regalloc_matcher: PatternMatcher|None = None
post_regalloc_matcher: PatternMatcher
def is_two_address(self, x:UOp) -> bool: return False
def stack_pointer(self) -> UOp: raise NotImplementedError("arch specific")
def copy(self, x:UOp, reg:Register) -> UOp: raise NotImplementedError("arch specific")
def spill(self, disp:UOp, x:UOp) -> UOp: raise NotImplementedError("arch specific")
def fill(self, disp:UOp, x:UOp, reg:Register) -> UOp: raise NotImplementedError("arch specific")
def asm_str(self, uops:list[UOp], function_name:str) -> str: raise NotImplementedError("arch specific")

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# flake8: noqa: E702
# allow semicolons to put multiple ops on one line
import sys, struct, functools
from typing import cast
from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, DType, truncate, AddrSpace
from tinygrad.uop import FastEnum, auto, Ops, GroupOp
from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, UPat, PatternMatcher
from tinygrad.renderer.isa import ISARenderer, IselContext, Register, PreRegAllocContext, greg
from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, NUM_CPU_THREADS, unwrap, Target
# ***** X86 Ops *****
class X86Ops(FastEnum):
# NOTE: X86Ops with i suffix are variants that take an immediate, m suffix are variants that can write to memory instead of read from
# these aren't real instructions, DEFINE is a register placeholder that defines a register without emitting an instruction
FRAME_INDEX = auto(); LABEL = auto(); DEFINE = auto(); LOOP_CMP = auto()
# index
LEA = auto()
# register / memory / immediate moves
MOV = auto(); MOVm = auto(); MOVi = auto(); MOVABS = auto()
VMOVSS = auto(); VMOVSD = auto(); VMOVUPS = auto()
VMOVSSm = auto(); VMOVSDm = auto(); VMOVUPSm = auto()
# casts
MOVZX = auto(); MOVSX = auto(); MOVSXD = auto()
VPMOVZXBW = auto(); VPMOVZXBD = auto(); VPMOVZXBQ = auto()
VPMOVZXWD = auto(); VPMOVZXWQ = auto(); VPMOVZXDQ = auto()
VPMOVSXBW = auto(); VPMOVSXBD = auto(); VPMOVSXBQ = auto()
VPMOVSXWD = auto(); VPMOVSXWQ = auto(); VPMOVSXDQ = auto()
VCVTDQ2PS = auto(); VCVTDQ2PD = auto(); VCVTTPS2DQ = auto(); VCVTTPD2DQ = auto()
VCVTPH2PS = auto(); VCVTPS2PH = auto(); VCVTPS2PD = auto(); VCVTPD2PS = auto()
VCVTSS2SD = auto(); VCVTSD2SS = auto(); VCVTSI2SS = auto(); VCVTSI2SD = auto()
VCVTTSS2SI = auto(); VCVTTSD2SI = auto()
# bitcasts
VMOVD = auto(); VMOVQ = auto(); VMOVDm = auto(); VMOVQm = auto()
# comparisons
VUCOMISS = auto(); VUCOMISD = auto()
VCMPSS = auto(); VCMPSD = auto(); VCMPPS = auto(); VCMPPD = auto()
VPCMPGTB = auto(); VPCMPGTW = auto(); VPCMPGTD = auto(); VPCMPGTQ = auto()
VPCMPEQB = auto(); VPCMPEQW = auto(); VPCMPEQD = auto(); VPCMPEQQ = auto()
SETNE = auto(); SETE = auto(); SETL = auto(); SETB = auto()
# where
CMOVNE = auto(); CMOVE = auto(); CMOVL = auto(); CMOVB = auto()
VPBLENDVB = auto(); VBLENDVPS = auto(); VBLENDVPD = auto()
# jumps
JNE = auto(); JE = auto(); JL = auto(); JB = auto(); JGE = auto(); JMP = auto()
# vectorize / gep
VINSERTPS = auto(); VPSRLDQ = auto()
VPEXTRB = auto(); VPEXTRW = auto(); VPEXTRD = auto(); VPEXTRQ = auto()
VPINSRB = auto(); VPINSRW = auto(); VPINSRD = auto(); VPINSRQ = auto()
# int binary
IDIV = auto(); DIV = auto()
ADD = auto(); ADDi = auto(); SUB = auto(); SUBi = auto(); IMUL = auto(); IMULi = auto()
AND = auto(); ANDi = auto(); XOR = auto(); XORi = auto(); OR = auto(); ORi = auto()
SHL = auto(); SHLi = auto(); SHR = auto(); SHRi = auto(); SAR = auto(); SARi = auto(); CMP = auto(); CMPi = auto()
# float unary (sometimes not unary)
VROUNDSS = auto(); VROUNDSD = auto(); VROUNDPS = auto(); VROUNDPD = auto()
VSQRTSS = auto(); VSQRTSD = auto(); VSQRTPS = auto(); VSQRTPD = auto()
# float scalar / vector binary
VADDSS = auto(); VADDSD = auto(); VADDPS = auto(); VADDPD = auto()
VSUBSS = auto(); VSUBSD = auto(); VSUBPS = auto(); VSUBPD = auto()
VMULSS = auto(); VMULSD = auto(); VMULPS = auto(); VMULPD = auto()
VDIVSS = auto(); VDIVSD = auto(); VDIVPS = auto(); VDIVPD = auto()
# int vector binary
VPADDB = auto(); VPADDW = auto(); VPADDD = auto(); VPADDQ = auto()
VPSUBB = auto(); VPSUBW = auto(); VPSUBD = auto(); VPSUBQ = auto()
VPMULLW = auto(); VPMULLD = auto()
# packed bitwise
VPAND = auto(); VPOR = auto(); VPXOR = auto()
# packed variable shifts
VPSLLVD = auto(); VPSLLVQ = auto(); VPSRLVD = auto(); VPSRLVQ = auto(); VPSRAVD = auto()
# return
RET = auto()
class X86GroupOp:
# X86Ops whose first src is also the destination
TwoAddress = {X86Ops.ADD, X86Ops.ADDi, X86Ops.AND, X86Ops.ANDi, X86Ops.XOR, X86Ops.XORi, X86Ops.OR, X86Ops.ORi, X86Ops.IMUL,
X86Ops.SUB, X86Ops.SUBi, X86Ops.SHL, X86Ops.SHLi, X86Ops.SHR, X86Ops.SHRi, X86Ops.SAR, X86Ops.SARi,
X86Ops.IDIV, X86Ops.DIV, X86Ops.CMOVNE, X86Ops.CMOVE, X86Ops.CMOVL, X86Ops.CMOVB}
# X86Ops whose first src can read from memory
ReadMem1st = {X86Ops.MOV, X86Ops.VMOVSS, X86Ops.VMOVSD, X86Ops.VMOVUPS, X86Ops.MOVZX, X86Ops.MOVSX, X86Ops.MOVSXD, X86Ops.VMOVD, X86Ops.VMOVQ,
X86Ops.VPMOVZXBW, X86Ops.VPMOVZXBD, X86Ops.VPMOVZXBQ, X86Ops.VPMOVZXWD, X86Ops.VPMOVZXWQ, X86Ops.VPMOVZXDQ,
X86Ops.VPMOVSXBW, X86Ops.VPMOVSXBD, X86Ops.VPMOVSXBQ, X86Ops.VPMOVSXWD, X86Ops.VPMOVSXWQ, X86Ops.VPMOVSXDQ,
X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PS, X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PD, X86Ops.VCVTTPS2DQ, X86Ops.VCVTTPD2DQ, X86Ops.VCVTTSS2SI, X86Ops.VCVTTSD2SI,
X86Ops.VCVTPH2PS, X86Ops.VCVTPS2PD, X86Ops.VCVTPD2PS, X86Ops.VROUNDPS, X86Ops.VROUNDPD, X86Ops.VSQRTPS, X86Ops.VSQRTPD,
X86Ops.CMPi, X86Ops.IMULi, X86Ops.LEA}
# X86Ops whose second src can read from memory NOTE: some of these are TwoAddress so the second src is actually the first
ReadMem2nd = {X86Ops.ADD, X86Ops.SUB, X86Ops.AND, X86Ops.OR, X86Ops.XOR, X86Ops.IMUL, X86Ops.CMP,
X86Ops.VADDSS, X86Ops.VADDSD, X86Ops.VADDPS, X86Ops.VADDPD, X86Ops.VSUBSS, X86Ops.VSUBSD, X86Ops.VSUBPS, X86Ops.VSUBPD,
X86Ops.VMULSS, X86Ops.VMULSD, X86Ops.VMULPS, X86Ops.VMULPD, X86Ops.VDIVSS, X86Ops.VDIVSD, X86Ops.VDIVPS, X86Ops.VDIVPD,
X86Ops.VPADDB, X86Ops.VPADDW, X86Ops.VPADDD, X86Ops.VPADDQ, X86Ops.VPSUBB, X86Ops.VPSUBW, X86Ops.VPSUBD, X86Ops.VPSUBQ,
X86Ops.VPCMPEQB, X86Ops.VPCMPEQW, X86Ops.VPCMPEQD, X86Ops.VPCMPEQQ, X86Ops.VPBLENDVB, X86Ops.VBLENDVPS, X86Ops.VBLENDVPD,
X86Ops.VPCMPGTB, X86Ops.VPCMPGTW, X86Ops.VPCMPGTD, X86Ops.VPCMPGTQ, X86Ops.VCMPSS, X86Ops.VCMPSD, X86Ops.VCMPPS, X86Ops.VCMPPD,
X86Ops.VPMULLW, X86Ops.VPMULLD, X86Ops.VROUNDSS, X86Ops.VROUNDSD, X86Ops.VSQRTSS, X86Ops.VSQRTSD, X86Ops.VINSERTPS,
X86Ops.VPINSRB, X86Ops.VPINSRW, X86Ops.VPINSRD, X86Ops.VPINSRQ, X86Ops.VPAND, X86Ops.VPOR, X86Ops.VPXOR, X86Ops.VPSLLVD,
X86Ops.VPSLLVQ, X86Ops.VPSRLVD, X86Ops.VPSRLVQ, X86Ops.VPSRAVD, X86Ops.CMOVNE, X86Ops.CMOVE, X86Ops.CMOVL, X86Ops.CMOVB,
X86Ops.VCVTSI2SS, X86Ops.VCVTSI2SD, X86Ops.VCVTSS2SD, X86Ops.VCVTSD2SS, X86Ops.VUCOMISS, X86Ops.VUCOMISD, X86Ops.IDIV, X86Ops.DIV}
# X86Ops that can write to memory
WriteMem = {X86Ops.MOVm, X86Ops.MOVi, X86Ops.VMOVSSm, X86Ops.VMOVSDm, X86Ops.VMOVUPSm, X86Ops.VMOVDm, X86Ops.VMOVQm,
X86Ops.ADDi, X86Ops.SUBi, X86Ops.ANDi, X86Ops.ORi, X86Ops.XORi, X86Ops.SHL, X86Ops.SHLi, X86Ops.SHR, X86Ops.SHRi, X86Ops.SAR,
X86Ops.SARi, X86Ops.SETNE, X86Ops.SETE, X86Ops.SETL, X86Ops.SETB,
X86Ops.VCVTPS2PH, X86Ops.VPEXTRB, X86Ops.VPEXTRW, X86Ops.VPEXTRD, X86Ops.VPEXTRQ}
# X86Ops that read flags
ReadFlags = {X86Ops.CMOVB, X86Ops.CMOVL, X86Ops.CMOVE, X86Ops.CMOVNE, X86Ops.SETB, X86Ops.SETL, X86Ops.SETE, X86Ops.SETNE, X86Ops.JB, X86Ops.JL,
X86Ops.JE, X86Ops.JNE, X86Ops.JGE}
# X86Ops that write flags or can modify flags to undefined values
WriteFlags = {X86Ops.CMP, X86Ops.CMPi, X86Ops.ADD, X86Ops.ADDi, X86Ops.SUB, X86Ops.SUBi, X86Ops.IMUL, X86Ops.IMULi, X86Ops.IDIV, X86Ops.DIV,
X86Ops.SHL, X86Ops.SHLi, X86Ops.SHR, X86Ops.SHRi, X86Ops.SAR, X86Ops.SARi, X86Ops.AND, X86Ops.ANDi, X86Ops.XOR, X86Ops.XORi,
X86Ops.OR, X86Ops.ORi, X86Ops.VUCOMISS, X86Ops.VUCOMISD}
# X86Ops whose first src is the rm field
Rm1st = ReadMem1st | (ReadMem2nd & TwoAddress) | {X86Ops.VPSRLDQ}
# X86Ops whose second src is the rm field
Rm2nd = ReadMem2nd
All = set(X86Ops)
# ***** X86 legalization *****
extra_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# bool CMPNE is XOR, bool CMPEQ is XOR+XOR, bool CMPLT is XOR+AND
(UPat.var('x', dtypes.bool).ne(UPat.var('y')), lambda x,y: x^y),
(UPat.var('x', dtypes.bool).alu(Ops.CMPEQ, UPat.var('y')), lambda x,y: (x^y)^True),
(UPat.var('x', dtypes.bool)<UPat.var('y'), lambda x,y: (x^True)&y),
# can't cast from float16 to ints/float64 directly and vice versa
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float16).cast((dtypes.float64,)+dtypes.ints, name="x"), lambda y,x: y.cast(dtypes.float32).cast(x.dtype)),
(UPat.var("y", (dtypes.float64,)+dtypes.ints).cast(dtypes.float16, name="x"), lambda y,x: y.cast(dtypes.float32).cast(x.dtype)),
# can't cast from float to int8/16 directly and vice versa
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.floats).cast(dtypes.int8s+dtypes.int16s, name="x"), lambda y,x: y.cast(dtypes.int32).cast(x.dtype)),
(UPat.var("y", (dtypes.bool,)+dtypes.int8s+dtypes.int16s).cast(dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda y,x: y.cast(dtypes.int32).cast(x.dtype)),
# int/float casts only for signed int
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda y,x: y.cast(dtypes.int64).cast(x.dtype)),
# casting uint64 to float requires special handling
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.uint64).cast(dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda y,x:
(y >> 1).cast(dtypes.int64).cast(x.dtype) * 2 + (y & 1).cast(dtypes.int64).cast(x.dtype)),
# no int8 mul or cmove, cast to int16
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int8s) * UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: (a.cast(dtypes.int16) * b.cast(dtypes.int16)).cast(a.dtype)),
(UPat.var("m").where(UPat.var("a", (dtypes.bool,)+dtypes.int8s), UPat.var("b")),
lambda m,a,b: m.where(a.cast(dtypes.int16), b.cast(dtypes.int16)).cast(a.dtype) if a.max_numel() == 1 else None),
# float16 alus are done in float32
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU, dtypes.float16, name="x"), lambda x: UOp(x.op, dtypes.float,
tuple(s.cast(dtypes.float) if s.dtype != dtypes.bool else s for s in x.src)).cast(x.dtype)),
(UPat(GroupOp.Comparison, src=(UPat.var("a", dtypes.float16), UPat.var("b")), name="x"),
lambda x,a,b: UOp(x.op, src=(a.cast(dtypes.float32), b.cast(dtypes.float32))).cast(x.dtype)),
# no cmpne for packed ints, y != x => !(y==x)
(UPat(Ops.CMPNE, src=(UPat.var("y", dtypes.ints), UPat.var("x")), name="cmp"),
lambda y,x,cmp: UOp(Ops.CMPEQ, src=(y,x))^True if y.max_numel() > 1 else None),
# float where expects a mask
(UPat.var("m", dtypes.bool).where(UPat.var("a", dtypes.floats), UPat.var("b")),
lambda m,a,b: m.cast(a.dtype).ne(0).where(a, b) if m.src[0].dtype not in dtypes.floats else None),
# rewrite -x -> 0 - x
(UPat(Ops.NEG, name="x"), lambda x: UOp(Ops.SUB, src=(x.const_like(0),) + x.src)),
# TODO: add support for mod, requires support for accessing the 2nd+ reg of a multi output instruction
(UPat(Ops.CMOD, src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y"))), lambda x,y: x - y * x.alu(Ops.CDIV, y)),
])
# ***** X86 pre instruction selection *****
def scratch_buffer(elem_dt:DType, count:int, slot:int) -> UOp:
return UOp.placeholder((count,), elem_dt, slot, AddrSpace.LOCAL)
def gated_load(ctx, addr:UOp, alt:UOp, gate:UOp, x:UOp):
local = scratch_buffer(addr.src[0].dtype.scalar(), x.max_numel(), next(ctx))
local_idx = local.index(UOp.const(0, dtypes.int32), dtype=dtypes.uint64)
# the selected address is a 64bit value, the AFTER orders the load after the scratch store and carries the element dtype for the encoder
sel = gate.where(addr.replace(dtype=dtypes.uint64), local_idx)
ptr = UOp(Ops.AFTER, addr.dtype, (sel, (local_idx if x.max_numel() == 1 else local).store(alt)))
return ptr.load(dtype=x.dtype)
def gated_store(addr:UOp, gate:UOp, val:UOp):
local = scratch_buffer(addr.src[0].dtype.scalar(), val.max_numel(), -1)
sel = gate.where(addr.replace(dtype=dtypes.uint64), local.index(UOp.const(0, dtypes.int32), dtype=dtypes.uint64))
return UOp(Ops.AFTER, addr.dtype, (sel,)).store(val)
# legalize the new style graph for isel. NOTE: this runs after the spec is verified, some of these rewrites violate it
pre_isel_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# noop casts: zero extending scalar 32bit int, same-width signed/unsigned, narrowing scalar int
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda y,x: x.replace(op=Ops.NOOP, arg=None) if y.max_numel() == 1 else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)).cast(dtypes.ints, name="x"),
lambda y,x: x.replace(op=Ops.NOOP, arg=None) if x.dtype.itemsize == y.dtype.itemsize and y.max_numel() == 1 else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.ints).cast(dtypes.ints, name="x"),
lambda y,x: x.replace(op=Ops.NOOP, arg=None) if x.dtype.itemsize < y.dtype.itemsize and y.max_numel() == 1 else None),
# bitcasts between scalar floats and ints are real, rest are noops
(UPat.var("y").bitcast().named("x"), lambda y,x: None if y.dtype in dtypes.floats and x.dtype in dtypes.ints or \
y.dtype in dtypes.ints and x.dtype in dtypes.floats else x.replace(op=Ops.NOOP, arg=None)),
# gated load/store become a conditional move on the address, the load/store are unconditional
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="addr").load(UPat.var("alt"), UPat.var("gate"), name="x"), gated_load),
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="addr").store(UPat.var("val"), UPat.var("gate")), gated_store),
# TODO: remove this once we allow all flag producing ops in cmove
# if gate in scalar int cmove is not a comparison need to add one to set the flag
# NOTE: the 0 is int so the bool gate zero-extends and compares as int (a byte compare renders different kernels)
(UPat.var("m", dtypes.bool).where(UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b")),
lambda m,a,b: m.ne(UOp.const(0, dtypes.int)).where(a,b) if m.op not in GroupOp.Comparison else None),
])
# ***** X86 registers *****
RAX = Register("rax", 0)
RCX = Register("rcx", 1)
RDX = Register("rdx", 2)
RBX = Register("rbx", 3)
RSP = Register("rsp", 4)
RBP = Register("rbp", 5)
RSI = Register("rsi", 6)
RDI = Register("rdi", 7)
GPR = (RAX, RCX, RDX, RBX, RSP, RBP, RSI, RDI) + tuple(Register(f"r{i}", i) for i in range(8, 16))
XMM = tuple(Register(f"xmm{i}", i, size=16) for i in range(16))
# gprs you can write to
WGPR = tuple(r for r in GPR if r != RSP)
CALLEE_SAVED = (RBX, RBP, GPR[12], GPR[13], GPR[14], GPR[15]) + ((RSI, RDI) + XMM[6:16] if sys.platform == "win32" else ())
reg_strs = {"rax": {4:"eax", 2:"ax", 1:"al"}, "rcx": {4:"ecx", 2:"cx", 1:"cl"}, "rdx": {4:"edx", 2:"dx", 1:"dl"}, "rbx": {4:"ebx", 2:"bx", 1:"bl"},
"rsp": {4:"esp", 2:"sp", 1:"spl"}, "rbp": {4:"ebp", 2:"bp", 1:"bpl"}, "rsi": {4:"esi", 2:"si", 1:"sil"}, "rdi": {4:"edi", 2:"di", 1:"dil"},
**{f"r{i}": {4:f"r{i}d", 2:f"r{i}w", 1:f"r{i}b"} for i in range(8, 16)}, **{f"xmm{i}": {64:f"zmm{i}", 32:f"ymm{i}"} for i in range(16)}}
# ***** X86 instruction selection *****
def base(x:UOp, i:int) -> UOp: return s.src[0] if (s:=x.src[i]).op is Ops.INDEX else s
def lane(x:UOp, i:int) -> int: return s.src[1].val if (s:=x.src[i]).op is Ops.INDEX else 0
def to_int(dt:DType): return {dtypes.float16: dtypes.int16, dtypes.float32: dtypes.int32, dtypes.float64: dtypes.int64}[dt]
def def_reg(dt:DType, reg:Register|None=None) -> UOp: return UOp(Ops.INS, dt, arg=X86Ops.DEFINE, tag=None if reg is None else (reg,))
def imm(dt:DType, v:int) -> UOp: return UOp.const(truncate[dt](v), dt).rtag()
def to_imm(c:UOp) -> UOp|None:
if c.op is not Ops.CONST: return None
if c.dtype is dtypes.int64: return imm(dtypes.int32, c.val) if not c.overflows(dtypes.int32) else None
if c.dtype is dtypes.uint64: return imm(dtypes.uint32, c.val) if not c.overflows(dtypes.uint32) else None
if c.dtype in dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,): return imm(c.dtype, c.val)
return None
def cmp(x:UOp) -> UOp:
if x.src[0].dtype is dtypes.float32: return x.ins(X86Ops.VUCOMISS, dtype=dtypes.void)
if x.src[0].dtype is dtypes.float64: return x.ins(X86Ops.VUCOMISD, dtype=dtypes.void)
return x.ins(X86Ops.CMP, dtype=dtypes.void) if (i:=to_imm(x.src[1])) is None else x.ins(X86Ops.CMPi, dtype=dtypes.void, src=(x.src[0], i))
def vcmp(x:UOp) -> UOp:
v = imm(dtypes.uint8, {Ops.CMPLT: 1, Ops.CMPNE: 4, Ops.CMPEQ: 0}[x.op])
if x.dtype.scalar() is dtypes.float32: return x.ins(X86Ops.VCMPSS if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VCMPPS, src=x.src + (v,))
return x.ins(X86Ops.VCMPSD if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VCMPPD, src=x.src + (v,))
# vinsertps xmm2, xmm0, xmm1, imm
# inserts any 32 bit element in xmm1 into any position in xmm0 according to immm, result is written to xmm2
# this is the fallback slow case for when you can't match more a powerful shuffle
def vinsertps(x:UOp) -> UOp:
def _insert(ret:UOp, i:int) -> UOp:
s, v = base(x, i), lane(x, i)
return x.ins(X86Ops.VINSERTPS, src=(ret, s, imm(dtypes.uint8, v << 6 | i << 4)))
return functools.reduce(_insert, range(len(x.src)), def_reg(x.dtype))
# vpinsq xmm2, xmm0, rax, imm
# inserts element in rax into any position in xmm0, result is written to xmm2 according to imm
def vpins(x:UOp) -> UOp:
op = {1: X86Ops.VPINSRB, 2: X86Ops.VPINSRW, 4: X86Ops.VPINSRD, 8: X86Ops.VPINSRQ}[x.dtype.scalar().itemsize]
return functools.reduce(lambda ret,i: x.ins(op, src=(ret, x.src[i], imm(dtypes.uint8, i))), range(len(x.src)), def_reg(x.dtype))
# we don't call ctx.vreg on the srcs to avoid duplicates, a rewrite will assign the tuple of valid registers to a vreg
def idiv(ctx:IselContext, x:UOp) -> UOp:
op = X86Ops.DIV if x.dtype in dtypes.uints else X86Ops.IDIV
# for >8bit need to zero/sign extend rax to rdx
if x.dtype in dtypes.int8s: ext = []
elif x.dtype in dtypes.uints: ext = [x.ins(X86Ops.MOVi, src=(imm(min(dtypes.uint32, x.dtype), 0),), tag=(RDX,))]
else: ext = [x.ins(X86Ops.SARi, src=(x.src[0], imm(dtypes.uint8, x.dtype.itemsize * 8 - 1)), tag=(RDX,))]
# for 8bit need to zero/sign extend al to ah
if x.dtype is dtypes.uint8: dividend = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.MOVZX, dtype=dtypes.int16, src=(x.src[0],), tag=(RAX,))
elif x.dtype is dtypes.int8: dividend = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.MOVSX, dtype=dtypes.int16, src=(x.src[0],), tag=(RAX,))
else: dividend = x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=(x.src[0],), tag=(RAX,))
# divisor can't be in rax or rdx
divisor = x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=(x.src[1],), tag=tuple(r for r in WGPR if r not in (RAX, RDX)))
# for >8bit both rax and rdx are written to
defs = (ctx.vreg(RAX),) if x.dtype in dtypes.int8s else (ctx.vreg(RAX), ctx.vreg(RDX))
idiv = x.ins(op, src=(dividend, divisor) + tuple(ext), tag=defs)
# this move "cleanses" the register constraints (rax/rdx) of idiv as that only applies on definition and not on the uses of idiv
return x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=(idiv,))
# a variable shift count implicitly reads cl so it goes in rcx, the shifted value can't be in rcx
def shift(x:UOp, op:X86Ops) -> UOp:
val = x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=(x.src[0],), tag=tuple(r for r in WGPR if r is not RCX))
return x.ins(op, src=(val, x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=(x.src[1],), tag=(RCX,))))
# a memory address operand is (base, index, displacement, size). size is the element size, it scales the index and is the memory operand width.
# it is materialized as an immediate so the address stays correct if the base register is ever spilled and refilled
def fold_address(x:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp, UOp, UOp]:
def _disp(v:int) -> UOp: return imm(dtypes.int32 if abs(v) > dtypes.int8.max else dtypes.int8, v)
def _cast(v:UOp) -> UOp: return v.cast(dtypes.int64) if v.vmin < 0 else v
if x.op not in {Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK}: return (x, UOp(Ops.NOOP), _disp(0), imm(dtypes.uint8, x.dtype.itemsize))
base, idx = x.src[0], x.src[1]
# buffers are indexed by element, everything else (the stack pointer) by byte
scale = base.dtype.itemsize if base.op in {Ops.PARAM, Ops.BUFFER, Ops.AFTER} else 1
sz = imm(dtypes.uint8, base.dtype.itemsize)
if idx.op is Ops.ADD and idx.src[1].op is Ops.CONST: return (base, _cast(idx.src[0]), _disp(idx.src[1].val * scale), sz)
if idx.op is Ops.CONST: return (base, UOp(Ops.NOOP), _disp(idx.val * scale), sz)
return (base, _cast(idx), _disp(0), sz)
def abi(ctx:IselContext, x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
if isinstance(x.tag, tuple): return None
i = ctx.func_args.index(x)
# buffer params hold addresses, their value moves as a 64bit int
dt = dtypes.uint64 if x.op is Ops.PARAM and x.arg.addrspace is AddrSpace.GLOBAL else x.dtype
# the shape srcs of a PARAM are not values, tag them so they aren't materialized into registers
def _reg_arg(r:Register) -> tuple[UOp, ...]: return (x.replace(dtype=dt, src=tuple(s.rtag() for s in x.src), tag=(r,)),)
def _stack_arg(disp:int):
return (def_reg(dtypes.uint64, RSP), UOp(Ops.NOOP), UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.FRAME_INDEX, dtype=dtypes.int32, tag=disp), imm(dtypes.uint8, 8))
if sys.platform == "win32": src = _reg_arg((RCX, RDX, GPR[8], GPR[9])[i]) if i < 4 else _stack_arg((i-3)*8+32)
else: src = _reg_arg((RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, GPR[8], GPR[9])[i]) if i < 6 else _stack_arg((i-5)*8)
# this move "cleanses" the abi register constraint
return x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, dtype=dt, src=src)
GPR_DEST_OPS = {X86Ops.VPEXTRB, X86Ops.VPEXTRW, X86Ops.VPEXTRD, X86Ops.VPEXTRQ, X86Ops.VCVTTSS2SI, X86Ops.VCVTTSD2SI,
X86Ops.VMOVDm, X86Ops.VMOVQm}
XMM_OPS = {op for op in X86Ops if op.name.startswith('V')} - GPR_DEST_OPS
def _is_vec_xmm(y: UOp) -> bool:
return (y.op is Ops.INS and y.arg in XMM_OPS) or (y.op not in (Ops.BUFFER, Ops.PARAM, Ops.AFTER, Ops.INS) and y.max_numel() > 1)
def _xmm_sz(x: UOp) -> X86Ops:
bits = x.max_numel() * x.dtype.itemsize
if bits >= 16: return X86Ops.VMOVUPS
if bits >= 8: return X86Ops.VMOVSD
return X86Ops.VMOVSS
def _xmm_sz_m(x: UOp) -> X86Ops:
bits = x.max_numel() * x.dtype.itemsize
if bits >= 16: return X86Ops.VMOVUPSm
if bits >= 8: return X86Ops.VMOVSDm
return X86Ops.VMOVSSm
def alloc_vregs(ctx:IselContext, x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
# register placeholders with real registers
if x.arg is X86Ops.DEFINE and x.tag is not None: return None
if x.arg is X86Ops.LOOP_CMP: return None
# this is an immediate
if x.arg is X86Ops.FRAME_INDEX: return None
# no register definition
if x.dtype is dtypes.void: return None
# already allocated vregs
if isinstance(x.tag, tuple) and x.tag[0]._cons: return None
# allocate vreg definitions, the value of a BUFFER is its address so it lives in a gpr
defs = []
if isinstance(x.tag, tuple): defs = [ctx.vreg(x.tag)]
elif x.op is Ops.BUFFER: defs = [ctx.vreg(WGPR)]
elif x.dtype in dtypes.floats or (x.op is Ops.INS and x.arg in XMM_OPS) or x.max_numel() > 1: defs = [ctx.vreg(XMM)]
elif x.dtype in dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,): defs = [ctx.vreg(WGPR)]
# TODO: add this once the scheduler can track register pressure
# if x.arg in X86GroupOp.WriteFlags: defs.append(ctx.vreg(RFLAGS))
# the size src of a BUFFER is not a value, tag it so it isn't materialized into a register
if x.op is Ops.BUFFER: return x.replace(src=tuple(s.rtag() for s in x.src), tag=tuple(defs))
return x.replace(tag=tuple(defs))
isel_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# **** Op -> Op ****
# cast of void is a noop
(UPat.var("y").cast(name="x"), lambda y,x: y if y.dtype == dtypes.void else None),
# range is lowered to acc, cmp, jmp after regalloc
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, src=(UPat.cvar("c"),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda c,x: x.replace(src=(imm(c.dtype, c.val),) + x.src[1:])),
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: x.replace(tag=(ctx.vreg(WGPR),)) if not isinstance(x.tag, tuple) else None),
# really all a backedge END is is an IF with a tag referencing the RANGE start label
(UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(), UPat(GroupOp.Comparison, name="cond")), name="x"),
lambda x,cond: cond.ins(X86Ops.LOOP_CMP, tag=cond.op, src=cond.src + x.src[:2])),
# **** Op -> X86Op ****
# add callee saved registers to the RET, these will be scheduled at the top of the kernel and will be saved/restored if they are used in regalloc
# so regalloc builds the prologue/epilogue naturally
(UPat(Ops.SINK, name="x"), lambda x:
x.replace(src=(x.ins(X86Ops.RET, src=x.src + tuple(def_reg(dtypes.uint64 if r in GPR else dtypes.float64, r) for r in CALLEE_SAVED)),)) \
if not x.src or x.src[0].arg is not X86Ops.RET else None),
# function abi constraints
(UPat((Ops.PARAM, Ops.SPECIAL), name="x"), abi),
# constants that can't be immediates, move them to registers
(UPat.cvar("x", dtypes.int64s), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.MOVABS, src=(imm(x.dtype, x.val),)) if not x.tag else None),
(UPat.cvar("x", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.MOVi, src=(imm(x.dtype, x.val),)) if not x.tag else None),
(UPat.cvar("x", dtypes.floats), lambda x:
UOp.const(struct.unpack((dt:=to_int(x.dtype)).fmt, struct.pack(x.dtype.fmt, x.val))[0], dt).bitcast(x.dtype) if not x.tag else None),
# conditional moves that use masks NOTE: these currently assume a mask producing cmp exists
(UPat.var("m").where(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int8s+dtypes.int16s+dtypes.int32s+(dtypes.int64,)), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b:
a.ins(X86Ops.VPBLENDVB, src=(b, a, m.replace(dtype=m.src[0].dtype))) if a.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat.var("m").where(UPat.var("a", dtypes.float32), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b:
a.ins(X86Ops.VBLENDVPS, src=(b, a, m.replace(dtype=m.src[0].dtype)))),
(UPat.var("m").where(UPat.var("a", dtypes.float64), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b:
a.ins(X86Ops.VBLENDVPD, src=(b, a, m.replace(dtype=m.src[0].dtype)))),
# in this case we have a mask producing comparison whose user expects a bool, so we convert to bool
(UPat(GroupOp.Comparison, dtypes.bool, (UPat.var("y", (dtypes.float32, dtypes.float64)), UPat()), name="x"), lambda y,x:
UOp(Ops.AND, src=(x.replace(dtype=y.dtype).bitcast(dt:=to_int(y.dtype)), UOp.const(1, dt))).f(Ops.NOOP, dtype=dtypes.bool)),
# conditional moves that use flags
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.sints), UPat()), name="m").where(UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b:
a.ins(X86Ops.CMOVL, src=(b, a, cmp(m)))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, name="m").where(UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.CMOVB, src=(b, a, cmp(m)))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, name="m").where(UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.CMOVE, src=(b, a, cmp(m)))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPNE, name="m").where(UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b")), lambda m,a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.CMOVNE, src=(b, a, cmp(m)))),
# jumps, use flags
(UPat(Ops.IF, src=(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.uints), UPat()), name="y"),), name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.JB, src=(cmp(y),))),
(UPat(Ops.IF, src=(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, name="y"),), name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.JL, src=(cmp(y),))),
(UPat(Ops.IF, src=(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, name="y"),), name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.JE, src=(cmp(y),))),
(UPat(Ops.IF, src=(UPat(Ops.CMPNE, name="y"),), name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.JNE, src=(cmp(y),))),
# comparisons whose user doesn't use the flag, move flag result to register
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, (UPat(dtype=dtypes.uints), UPat()), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.SETB, src=(cmp(x),))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.SETL, src=(cmp(x),))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, dtypes.bool, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.SETE, src=(cmp(x),))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPNE, dtypes.bool, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.SETNE, src=(cmp(x),))),
# comparisons that produce masks (these aren't bool dtype)
(UPat(GroupOp.Comparison, src=(UPat(dtype=(dtypes.float32, dtypes.float64)), UPat()), name="x"), vcmp),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int8s), UPat()), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPEQB)),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int16s), UPat()), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPEQW)),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32s), UPat()), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPEQD)),
(UPat(Ops.CMPEQ, src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int64s), UPat()), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPEQQ)),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int8s), UPat.var("b")), name="x"), lambda a,b,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPGTB, src=(b, a))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int16s), UPat.var("b")), name="x"), lambda a,b,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPGTW, src=(b, a))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int32s), UPat.var("b")), name="x"), lambda a,b,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPGTD, src=(b, a))),
(UPat(Ops.CMPLT, src=(UPat.var("a", dtypes.int64s), UPat.var("b")), name="x"), lambda a,b,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPCMPGTQ, src=(b, a))),
# float unary
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float32).sqrt().named("x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VSQRTSS, src=(y, y)) if x.max_numel() == 1 else x.ins(X86Ops.VSQRTPS)),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float64).sqrt().named("x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VSQRTSD, src=(y, y)) if x.max_numel() == 1 else x.ins(X86Ops.VSQRTPD)),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float32).trunc().named("x"), lambda y,x:
x.ins(X86Ops.VROUNDSS, src=(y, y, imm(dtypes.uint8, 3))) if x.max_numel() == 1 else x.ins(X86Ops.VROUNDPS, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, 3)))),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float64).trunc().named("x"), lambda y,x:
x.ins(X86Ops.VROUNDSD, src=(y, y, imm(dtypes.uint8, 3))) if x.max_numel() == 1 else x.ins(X86Ops.VROUNDPD, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, 3)))),
# for float16 we route the srcs through gprs, this is suboptimal for values in xmms, in that case we want vpunpcklwd
(UPat(Ops.STACK, dtypes.float16, name="x"), lambda x:
vpins(x.replace(src=tuple(s.bitcast(dtypes.int16) for s in x.src)))),
(UPat(Ops.STACK, dtypes.float32, name="x"), vinsertps),
(UPat(Ops.STACK, dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,), name="x"), vpins),
# INDEX on a vector register value extracts a single element
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.int8s+(dtypes.bool,)).index(UPat.cvar("c"), name="x"),
lambda y,c,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRB, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val))) if _is_vec_xmm(y) else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.int16s).index(UPat.cvar("c"), name="x"),
lambda y,c,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRW, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val))) if _is_vec_xmm(y) else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.int32s).index(UPat.cvar("c"), name="x"),
lambda y,c,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRD, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val))) if _is_vec_xmm(y) else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.int64s).index(UPat.cvar("c"), name="x"),
lambda y,c,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRQ, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val))) if _is_vec_xmm(y) else None),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.floats).index(UPat.cvar("c"), name="x"),
lambda y,c,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSRLDQ, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val * x.dtype.itemsize))) if _is_vec_xmm(y) else None),
# packed bitwise
((UPat() & UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPAND) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat() | UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPOR) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat() ^ UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPXOR) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
# packed int binary
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32s) << UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSLLVD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int64s) << UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSLLVQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.uint32) >> UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSRLVD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.uint64) >> UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSRLVQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32) >> UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSRAVD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int8s) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPADDB) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int16s) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPADDW) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32s) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPADDD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.int64s) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPADDQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.int8s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSUBB) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.int16s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSUBW) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSUBD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPSUBQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.MUL, dtypes.int16s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMULLW) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(Ops.MUL, dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMULLD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
# scalar int binary
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.ints).alu(Ops.CDIV, UPat())).named("x"), idiv),
# scalar int binary with immediate
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints) << UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.SHLi, src=(a, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val)))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.uints) >> UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.SHRi, src=(a, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val)))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.sints) >> UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.SARi, src=(a, imm(dtypes.uint8, c.val)))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints) + UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.ADDi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints) * UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.IMULi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) & UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.ANDi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) | UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.ORi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) ^ UPat.cvar("c"), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.XORi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.ints, (UPat.var("a"), UPat.cvar("c"))), lambda a,c: a.ins(X86Ops.SUBi, src=(a, i)) if (i:=to_imm(c)) is not None else None),
# scalar int binary with register
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.ints) << UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: shift(x, X86Ops.SHL)),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.uints) >> UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: shift(x, X86Ops.SHR)),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.sints) >> UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: shift(x, X86Ops.SAR)),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints) + UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.ADD, src=(a, b))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints) * UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.IMUL, src=(a, b))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) & UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.AND, src=(a, b))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) | UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.OR, src=(a, b))),
(UPat.var("a", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)) ^ UPat.var("b"), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.XOR, src=(a, b))),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.ints, (UPat.var("a"), UPat.var("b"))), lambda a,b: a.ins(X86Ops.SUB, src=(a, b))),
# float binary
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VADDSS if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VADDPS)),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64) + UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VADDSD if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VADDPD)),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32) * UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMULSS if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VMULPS)),
((UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64) * UPat()).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMULSD if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VMULPD)),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VSUBSS if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VSUBPS)),
(UPat(Ops.SUB, dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VSUBSD if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VSUBPD)),
(UPat(Ops.FDIV, dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VDIVSS if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VDIVPS)),
(UPat(Ops.FDIV, dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VDIVSD if x.max_numel() == 1 else X86Ops.VDIVPD)),
# casts
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32).cast(dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PS) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32).cast(dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTTPS2DQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTTPD2DQ) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTPS2PD) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTPD2PS) if x.max_numel() > 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.float16, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTPS2PH, src=x.src + (imm(dtypes.uint8, 4),))),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float16).cast(dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTPH2PS)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.int32s+dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTTSS2SI)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.int32s+dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTTSD2SI)),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTSS2SD, src=(y, y))),
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float64).cast(dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTSD2SS, src=(y, y))),
(UPat.var("y", (dtypes.int32, dtypes.int64)).cast(dtypes.float32, name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTSI2SS, src=(def_reg(x.dtype), y))),
(UPat.var("y", (dtypes.int32, dtypes.int64)).cast(dtypes.float64, name="x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VCVTSI2SD, src=(def_reg(x.dtype), y))),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.uints+(dtypes.bool,)).cast(dtypes.ints, name="x"), lambda x:
x.ins(X86Ops.MOVZX) if x.max_numel() == 1 and x.src[0].dtype.itemsize < x.dtype.itemsize else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.MOVSXD) if x.max_numel() == 1 else None),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.sints).cast(dtypes.ints, name="x"), lambda x:
x.ins(X86Ops.MOVSX) if x.max_numel() == 1 and x.src[0].dtype.itemsize < x.dtype.itemsize else None),
(UPat(dtype=(dtypes.uint8, dtypes.bool)).cast(dtypes.int16s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXBW)),
(UPat(dtype=(dtypes.uint8, dtypes.bool)).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXBD)),
(UPat(dtype=(dtypes.uint8, dtypes.bool)).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXBQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.uint16).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXWD)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.uint16).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXWQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVZXDQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int8).cast(dtypes.int16s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXBW)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int8).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXBD)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int8).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXBQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int16).cast(dtypes.int32s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXWD)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int16).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXWQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32).cast(dtypes.int64s, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPMOVSXDQ)),
# bitcasts between scalar floats and ints
(UPat.var("y", dtypes.float16).bitcast(dtypes.int16s).named("x"), lambda y,x: x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRW, src=(y, imm(dtypes.uint8, 0)))),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int16s).bitcast(dtypes.float16).named("x"), vpins),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int32s).bitcast(dtypes.float32).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMOVD)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.int64s).bitcast(dtypes.float64).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMOVQ)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float32).bitcast(dtypes.int32s).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMOVDm)),
(UPat(dtype=dtypes.float64).bitcast(dtypes.int64s).named("x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.VMOVQm)),
# index on a buffer (or the stack pointer) computes an address, addresses are 64bit values
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="x"),
lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.LEA, dtype=dtypes.uint64, src=fold_address(x)) if not _is_vec_xmm(x.src[0]) else None),
# TODO: fuse stores, very few cases -- store cmp becomes setcc, store gep int becomes vpextr, store bitcast to int becomes vmovd/q
# copy, load, store
# NOTE: copy here violates the spec, it only happens post register allocation when a reg to reg move needs to be inserted
(UPat(Ops.COPY, dtypes.floats, name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(_xmm_sz(x))),
(UPat(Ops.COPY, dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,), name="x"), lambda x: x.ins(X86Ops.MOV) if x.max_numel() == 1 else x.ins(_xmm_sz(x))),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.floats, src=(UPat(name="a"),), name="x"), lambda x,a:
x.ins(X86Ops.VPINSRW, src=(def_reg(x.dtype, x.tag),) + fold_address(a) + (imm(dtypes.uint8, 0),)) if x.max_numel() * x.dtype.itemsize == 2 else
x.ins(_xmm_sz(x), src=fold_address(a))),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,), src=(UPat(name="a"),), name="x"), lambda x,a:
x.ins(X86Ops.MOV, src=fold_address(a)) if x.max_numel() == 1 else
x.ins(X86Ops.VPINSRW, src=(def_reg(x.dtype, x.tag),) + fold_address(a) + (imm(dtypes.uint8, 0),)) if x.max_numel() * x.dtype.itemsize == 2 else
x.ins(_xmm_sz(x), src=fold_address(a))),
(UPat.var("a").store(UPat.var("b", dtypes.floats), name="x"), lambda a,b,x:
x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRW, src=fold_address(a) + (b, imm(dtypes.uint8, 0))) if b.max_numel() * b.dtype.itemsize == 2 else
x.ins(_xmm_sz_m(b), src=fold_address(a) + (b,))),
(UPat.var("a").store(UPat.var("b", dtypes.ints+(dtypes.bool,)), name="x"), lambda a,b,x:
x.ins(X86Ops.VPEXTRW, src=fold_address(a) + (b, imm(dtypes.uint8, 0))) if b.max_numel() > 1 and b.max_numel() * b.dtype.itemsize == 2 else
x.ins(_xmm_sz_m(b), src=fold_address(a) + (b,)) if b.max_numel() > 1 else
x.ins(X86Ops.MOVm, src=fold_address(a) + (b,)) if (i:=to_imm(b)) is None else x.ins(X86Ops.MOVi, src=fold_address(a) + (i,))),
# allocate virtual registers
(UPat((Ops.INS, Ops.BUFFER), name="x"), alloc_vregs),
])
# ***** pre register allocation *****
# this handles flag clobbers. Unfortunately x86 doesn't have a good way to store/restore the flag register (then regalloc would handle it)
# so we rematerialize. This is different from rematerialization you might want to do in regalloc because it is not optional,
# regalloc shouldn't rematerialize if a src of the instruction is dead, but here you need to as there's no fallback load from stack
def flag_rematerialize(ctx:PreRegAllocContext, x:UOp):
flag_def = x if x.arg in X86GroupOp.WriteFlags or x.op in (Ops.RANGE, Ops.END) else x.src[-1] if x.arg in X86GroupOp.ReadFlags else None
if flag_def is None: return None
if ctx.lock is not None and ctx.lock is not flag_def: ctx.clobbered.add(ctx.lock)
ctx.lock = flag_def
if flag_def not in ctx.clobbered: return None
ctx.clobbered.remove(flag_def)
return (x, [flag_def, x])
pre_regalloc_matcher = PatternMatcher([
(UPat((Ops.INS, Ops.RANGE, Ops.END), name="x"), flag_rematerialize),
])
# ***** post register allocation *****
# TODO: control flow should be overhauled so that this isn't necessary
def lower_range(ctx, x:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, list[UOp]]:
loop_label = "_".join(str(i) for i in x.arg[:-1])
label = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.LABEL, tag=f".LOOP_{loop_label}")
# loop, cmp on backedge all we need is a jmp tag
if x.dtype is dtypes.void: return (label, [label])
else:
acc = x.ins(X86Ops.MOVi, src=(imm(x.dtype, 0),) + x.src[1:])
cmp = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.CMPi if x.src[0].op is Ops.CONST else X86Ops.CMP, src=(acc, x.src[0]))
jump_out = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.JGE, src=(cmp,), tag=f".LOOP_OUT_{loop_label}")
ctx.loop_label[acc] = loop_label
return (acc, [acc, label, cmp, jump_out])
def lower_end(ctx, x:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, list[UOp]]:
end_label = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.LABEL, tag=f".LOOP_OUT_{ctx.loop_label[x.src[1]]}")
jmp = UOp(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.JMP, tag=f".LOOP_{ctx.loop_label[x.src[1]]}")
inc = x.src[1].ins(X86Ops.ADDi, src=(imm(x.src[1].dtype, 1),))
return (inc, [inc, jmp, end_label])
def lower_loop(ctx, x:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, list[UOp]]:
cond = x.replace(op=x.tag, src=x.src[:2])
jmp = isel_matcher.rewrite(UOp(Ops.IF, src=(cond,)))
return (jmp.src[0], [jmp.src[0], jmp.replace(tag=x.src[3].tag)])
# final rewrite to match the isa spec
post_regalloc_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# rewrite FRAME_INDEX to IMM now that the stack size is known
(UPat(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.FRAME_INDEX, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: (nx:=x.const_like(ctx.stack_size + x.tag), [nx])),
# expand the cmp here so we can preserve rng src edge to get label from ctx
(UPat(Ops.INS, arg=X86Ops.LOOP_CMP, name="x"), lower_loop),
# rewrite RANGE to ACC = 0 -> LABEL -> JUMP if ACC >= loop bound
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="x"), lower_range),
# rewrite END to ACC + 1 -> JUMP -> LABEL, also add the out of loop JUMP to the src so this becomes the jump target
(UPat(Ops.END, name="x"), lower_end),
# rewrite two address instructions to two address form, if reused src wasn't coalesced insert a move
(UPat(Ops.INS, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: (nx:=x.replace(src=x.src[1:]),
[ctx.ren.copy(x.src[0], greg(x)), nx] if greg(x) != greg(x.src[0]) else [nx]) if x.arg in X86GroupOp.TwoAddress else None),
])
# ***** X86 instruction encoding *****
def encode(x:UOp, opc:int, reg:int|None=None, pp:int=0, sel:int=0, we:int=0) -> bytes|None:
def _encode(reg_uop:UOp|None, rm_uop:UOp, idx_uop:UOp|None=None, disp_uop:UOp|None=None, sz_uop:UOp|None=None,
vvvv_uop:UOp|None=None, imm_uop:UOp|None=None) -> bytes:
nonlocal reg, opc
# get the encoding values of the different fields
reg = cast(int, cast(Register, greg(reg_uop)).index if reg_uop is not None else reg)
rm = cast(Register, greg(rm_uop)).index
idx = cast(Register, greg(idx_uop)).index if idx_uop is not None and greg(idx_uop) is not None else 4
# for a memory operand the rm size is the element size from the address, otherwise it's the size of the value in the register
rm_sz = sz_uop.val if sz_uop is not None else rm_uop.dtype.itemsize
reg_sz = reg_uop.dtype.itemsize if reg_uop is not None else 0
sz = reg_sz or rm_sz
# encode instruction
inst = bytes([])
assert 0 <= reg <= 15 and 0 <= idx <= 15 and 0 <= rm <= 15
# r extends reg field, x extends index field, b extends rm or base field
r, _x, b = reg >> 3, idx >> 3, rm >> 3
if sel: # VEX bytes
vvvv = cast(Register, greg(vvvv_uop)).index if vvvv_uop is not None else 0
l = (max(reg_sz, rm_sz) > 16) & 0b1
if sel == 1 and _x == b == we == 0: inst += bytes([0xC5, (~r & 0b1) << 7 | (~vvvv & 0b1111) << 3 | l << 2 | pp])
else: inst += bytes([0xC4, (~r & 0b1) << 7 | (~_x & 0b1) << 6 | (~b & 0b1) << 5 | sel, we << 7 | (~vvvv & 0b1111) << 3 | l << 2 | pp])
else: # optional PREFIX and REX bytes
# PREFIX byte signaling 16 bit variant of instruction
if sz == 2: inst += bytes([0x66])
# bit signaling 64 bit variant of instruction
w = sz == 8
# REX byte is required when 64 bit or an extended reg is used (index 8 - 15) or lower 8 bits of (rsp, rbp, rsi, rdi) are accessed
if w | r | _x | b | (reg_sz == 1 & reg >> 2) | (rm_sz == 1 & rm >> 2): inst += bytes([0b0100 << 4 | w << 3 | r << 2 | _x << 1 | b])
# legacy 8bit opcode is 1 less than 16-64bit variants
if (rm_sz == 1 or reg_sz == 1) and x.arg not in X86GroupOp.ReadFlags | {X86Ops.LEA}: opc -= 1
# OPCODE byte
inst += opc.to_bytes((opc.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big')
# MODRM byte
# now we only care about the lower 3 bits
idx, rm, reg = idx & 0b111, rm & 0b111, reg & 0b111
# 0b00 -- signals memory access with no displacement
# 0b01 -- signals memory access with 8bit displacement
# 0b10 -- signals memory access with 32bit displacement
# 0b11 -- signals no memory access
if disp_uop is not None:
assert disp_uop.op is Ops.CONST, "displacement must be a constant"
assert disp_uop.dtype in (dtypes.int8, dtypes.int32), "displacement can only be 1 or 4 byte signed int"
# rbp/r13 always require a displacement
if disp_uop.val != 0 or rm == 0b101: mod = 0b01 if disp_uop.dtype.itemsize == 1 else 0b10
else: mod = 0b00
else: mod = 0b11
# x 0b0 and idx 0b100 means rsp which means no index exists
# rm 0b100 (rsp/r12) signals a sib byte is required, rm then is encoded in the base field of SIB
_rm = rm if idx == 0b100 and _x == 0b0 else 0b100
inst += bytes([mod << 6 | reg << 3 | _rm])
# SIB byte
if _rm == 0b100 and mod != 0b11:
scale = {1: 0b00, 2: 0b01, 4: 0b10, 8: 0b11}[1 if idx == 0b100 and _x == 0b0 else rm_sz]
inst += bytes([scale << 6 | idx << 3 | rm])
# DISP byte
if mod == 0b01 or mod == 0b10:
assert disp_uop is not None
inst += struct.pack(unwrap(disp_uop.dtype.fmt), disp_uop.val)
# IMM byte
if imm_uop is not None:
if imm_uop.op is Ops.CONST: inst += struct.pack(unwrap(imm_uop.dtype.fmt), imm_uop.val)
elif isinstance(greg(imm_uop), Register): inst += bytes([(greg(imm_uop).index & 0b1111) << 4 | 0b0000])
return inst
# get the encoding structure of the uop
# when a uop writes to memory it takes the form of a store, dtype is void, no definition
address:tuple[UOp|None, ...]
if x.arg in X86GroupOp.WriteMem:
if len(x.src) > 4: address, rest = x.src[:4], x.src[4:]
else: address, rest = (x, None, None, None), x.src
imm_uop = rest[:1] if rest and rest[0].op is Ops.CONST else (None,)
return _encode(rest[0], *address, *(None, *rest[1:])) if reg is None else _encode(None, *address, *(None, *imm_uop))
if x.arg in X86GroupOp.Rm1st:
if len(x.src) > 3: address, rest = x.src[:4], x.src[4:]
else: address, rest = (x.src[0], None, None, None), x.src[1:]
imm_uop = rest[:1] if rest and rest[0].op is Ops.CONST else (None,)
return _encode(x, *address, *(None, *imm_uop)) if reg is None else _encode(None, *address, *(x if sel else None, *imm_uop))
if x.arg in X86GroupOp.Rm2nd:
if len(x.src) > 4: address, rest = x.src[1:5], x.src[:1] + x.src[5:]
else: address, rest = (x.src[1], None, None, None), x.src[:1] + x.src[2:]
# cmp/vucomiss reg, rm don't define a new register
return _encode(x, *address, *rest) if x.dtype is not dtypes.void else _encode(rest[0], *address)
return None
# https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/
# legacy version -> VEX version
# prefix field: None -> 0 | 66 -> 1 | F3 -> 2 | F2 -> 3
# opcode map select: 0F -> 1 | 0F38 -> 2 | 0F3A -> 3
encodings = {
# moves
X86Ops.MOVABS: lambda x:
bytes([0b0100 << 4 | 0b1 << 3 | 0b00 << 2 | greg(x).index >> 3, 0xB8 + (greg(x).index & 0b111)]) + struct.pack(x.dtype.fmt, x.src[0].val),
X86Ops.MOV: lambda x: encode(x, 0x8B), X86Ops.MOVi: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC7, reg=0),
X86Ops.MOVm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x89), X86Ops.LEA: lambda x: encode(x, 0x8D),
X86Ops.VMOVSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x10, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VMOVSSm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x11, pp=2, sel=1),
X86Ops.VMOVSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x10, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VMOVSDm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x11, pp=3, sel=1),
X86Ops.VMOVUPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x10, pp=0, sel=1), X86Ops.VMOVUPSm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x11, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VMOVD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x6E, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VMOVQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x6E, pp=1, sel=1, we=1),
X86Ops.VMOVDm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x7E, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VMOVQm: lambda x: encode(x, 0x7E, pp=1, sel=1, we=1),
# casts
X86Ops.MOVZX: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0FB7),
X86Ops.MOVSX: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0FBF), X86Ops.MOVSXD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x63),
X86Ops.VPMOVZXBW: lambda x: encode(x, 0x30, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVZXBD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x31, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMOVZXBQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x32, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVZXWD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x33, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMOVZXWQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x34, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVZXDQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x35, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMOVSXBW: lambda x: encode(x, 0x20, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVSXBD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x21, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMOVSXBQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x22, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVSXWD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x23, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMOVSXWQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x24, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPMOVSXDQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x25, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VCVTSS2SD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5A, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VCVTSD2SS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5A, pp=3, sel=1),
X86Ops.VCVTPH2PS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x13, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VCVTPS2PH: lambda x: encode(x, 0x1D, pp=1, sel=3),
X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5B, pp=0, sel=1), X86Ops.VCVTDQ2PD: lambda x: encode(x, 0xE6, pp=2, sel=1),
X86Ops.VCVTPS2PD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5A, pp=0, sel=1), X86Ops.VCVTPD2PS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5A, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VCVTTPS2DQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5B, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VCVTTPD2DQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0xE6, pp=1, sel=1),
# the int src is the 2nd src (the rm field), if it was folded into a memory operand its width is the element size of the address
X86Ops.VCVTSI2SS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2A, pp=2, sel=1, we=(x.src[4].val if len(x.src) > 4 else x.src[1].dtype.itemsize) == 8),
X86Ops.VCVTSI2SD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2A, pp=3, sel=1, we=(x.src[4].val if len(x.src) > 4 else x.src[1].dtype.itemsize) == 8),
X86Ops.VCVTTSS2SI: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2C, pp=2, sel=1, we=x.dtype.itemsize == 8),
X86Ops.VCVTTSD2SI: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2C, pp=3, sel=1, we=x.dtype.itemsize == 8),
# int division
X86Ops.IDIV: lambda x: encode(x, 0xF7, reg=7), X86Ops.DIV: lambda x: encode(x, 0xF7, reg=6),
# scalar int binary
X86Ops.SHL: lambda x: encode(x, 0xD3, reg=4), X86Ops.SHLi: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC1, reg=4),
X86Ops.SHR: lambda x: encode(x, 0xD3, reg=5), X86Ops.SHRi: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC1, reg=5),
X86Ops.SAR: lambda x: encode(x, 0xD3, reg=7), X86Ops.SARi: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC1, reg=7),
X86Ops.ADD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x03), X86Ops.ADDi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=0),
X86Ops.SUB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2B), X86Ops.SUBi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=5),
X86Ops.AND: lambda x: encode(x, 0x23), X86Ops.ANDi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=4),
X86Ops.XOR: lambda x: encode(x, 0x33), X86Ops.XORi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=6),
X86Ops.OR: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0B), X86Ops.ORi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=1),
X86Ops.CMP: lambda x: encode(x, 0x3B), X86Ops.CMPi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x81, reg=7),
X86Ops.IMUL: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0FAF), X86Ops.IMULi: lambda x: encode(x, 0x69),
X86Ops.SETB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F92, reg=0), X86Ops.SETL: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F9C, reg=0),
X86Ops.SETE: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F94, reg=0), X86Ops.SETNE: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F95, reg=0),
# packed bitwise NOTE: only bitwise and packed
X86Ops.VPAND: lambda x: encode(x, 0xDB, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPXOR: lambda x: encode(x, 0xEF, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPOR: lambda x: encode(x, 0xEB, pp=1, sel=1),
# unary
X86Ops.VSQRTSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x51, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VSQRTPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x51, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VSQRTSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x51, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VSQRTPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x51, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VROUNDSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0A, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VROUNDPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x08, pp=1, sel=3),
X86Ops.VROUNDSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0B, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VROUNDPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x09, pp=1, sel=3),
# packed int binary
X86Ops.VPSLLVD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x47, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPSLLVQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x47, pp=1, sel=2, we=1),
X86Ops.VPSRLVD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x45, pp=1, sel=2), X86Ops.VPSRLVQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x45, pp=1, sel=2, we=1),
X86Ops.VPCMPGTB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x64, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPCMPGTW: lambda x: encode(x, 0x65, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPCMPGTD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x66, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPCMPGTQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x37, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPCMPEQB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x74, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPCMPEQW: lambda x: encode(x, 0x75, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPCMPEQD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x76, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPCMPEQQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x29, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPMULLW: lambda x: encode(x, 0xD5, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPMULLD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x40, pp=1, sel=2),
X86Ops.VPADDB: lambda x: encode(x, 0xFC, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPADDW: lambda x: encode(x, 0xFD, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPADDD: lambda x: encode(x, 0xFE, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPADDQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0xD4, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPSUBB: lambda x: encode(x, 0xF8, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPSUBW: lambda x: encode(x, 0xF9, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPSUBD: lambda x: encode(x, 0xFA, pp=1, sel=1), X86Ops.VPSUBQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0xFB, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPSRAVD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x46, pp=1, sel=2),
# float cmp
X86Ops.VUCOMISS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2E, pp=0, sel=1), X86Ops.VUCOMISD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x2E, pp=1, sel=1),
# scalar / packed float binary
X86Ops.VADDSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x58, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VADDPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x58, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VADDSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x58, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VADDPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x58, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VSUBSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5C, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VSUBPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5C, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VSUBSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5C, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VSUBPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5C, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VMULSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x59, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VMULPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x59, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VMULSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x59, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VMULPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x59, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VDIVSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5E, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VDIVPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5E, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VDIVSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5E, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VDIVPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x5E, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VCMPSS: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC2, pp=2, sel=1), X86Ops.VCMPPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC2, pp=0, sel=1),
X86Ops.VCMPSD: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC2, pp=3, sel=1), X86Ops.VCMPPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC2, pp=1, sel=1),
# ternary
X86Ops.CMOVB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F42), X86Ops.CMOVL: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F4C),
X86Ops.CMOVE: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F44), X86Ops.CMOVNE: lambda x: encode(x, 0x0F45),
X86Ops.VBLENDVPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x4A, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VBLENDVPD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x4B, pp=1, sel=3),
X86Ops.VPBLENDVB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x4C, pp=1, sel=3),
# shuffles
X86Ops.VPSRLDQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x73, reg=3, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPINSRB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x20, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VPINSRW: lambda x: encode(x, 0xC4, pp=1, sel=1),
X86Ops.VPINSRD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x22, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VPINSRQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x22, pp=1, sel=3, we=1),
X86Ops.VINSERTPS: lambda x: encode(x, 0x21, pp=1, sel=3),
# extract
X86Ops.VPEXTRB: lambda x: encode(x, 0x14, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VPEXTRW: lambda x: encode(x, 0x15, pp=1, sel=3),
X86Ops.VPEXTRD: lambda x: encode(x, 0x16, pp=1, sel=3), X86Ops.VPEXTRQ: lambda x: encode(x, 0x16, pp=1, sel=3, we=1),
# jumps are encoded with a placeholder which gets patched later once the real offset is known
X86Ops.JE: lambda x: bytes([0x0F, 0x84]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.JNE: lambda x: bytes([0x0F, 0x85]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.JL: lambda x: bytes([0x0F, 0x8C]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.JB: lambda x: bytes([0x0F, 0x82]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.JGE: lambda x: bytes([0x0F, 0x8D]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.JMP: lambda x: bytes([0xE9]) + int(0).to_bytes(4),
X86Ops.RET: lambda x: bytes([0xC3]),
}
class X86Renderer(ISARenderer):
device = "CPU"
has_local = False
has_threads = bool(getenv("THREADS", 1))
global_max = (NUM_CPU_THREADS.value, 0, 0)
extra_matcher = extra_matcher
pre_isel_matcher = pre_isel_matcher
isel_matcher = isel_matcher
pre_regalloc_matcher = pre_regalloc_matcher
post_regalloc_matcher = post_regalloc_matcher
code_for_op = {x: lambda: None for x in (Ops.SQRT, Ops.AND, Ops.OR, Ops.SHL, Ops.SHR, Ops.NEG, Ops.SUB, Ops.FDIV, Ops.CMPLT, Ops.CMPEQ)}
def __init__(self, target:Target):
if target.arch.split(",")[0] != "x86_64": raise RuntimeError(f"X86Renderer only supports x86_64, got {target.arch}")
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cpu import X86Compiler
self.compiler = X86Compiler()
def is_two_address(self, x:UOp) -> bool: return x.arg in X86GroupOp.TwoAddress
def stack_pointer(self) -> UOp: return def_reg(dtypes.uint64, RSP)
# the value of a BUFFER is its address, it moves through registers and the stack as a 64bit int
def copy(self, x:UOp, reg:Register):
dt = dtypes.uint64 if x.op is Ops.BUFFER else x.dtype
ret = isel_matcher.rewrite(UOp(Ops.COPY, dt, (x,), tag=reg))
assert ret is not None, f"failed to copy {x}"
return ret
def spill(self, disp:UOp, x:UOp) -> UOp:
if x.op is Ops.BUFFER: x = x.replace(dtype=dtypes.uint64)
is_xmm = isinstance(x.tag, tuple) and x.tag[0].cons[0].size == 16
op = X86Ops.VMOVUPSm if is_xmm else X86Ops.MOVm
return UOp(Ops.INS, dtypes.void, fold_address(self.stack_pointer().index(disp)) + (x,), op, x.tag)
def fill(self, disp:UOp, x:UOp, reg:Register) -> UOp:
is_xmm = reg.cons[0].size == 16
dt = dtypes.uint64 if x.op is Ops.BUFFER else x.dtype
return UOp(Ops.INS, dt, fold_address(self.stack_pointer().index(disp)), X86Ops.VMOVUPS if is_xmm else X86Ops.MOV, (reg,))
def asm_str(self, uops:list[UOp], function_name:str) -> str:
def _format_op(x:UOp) -> str: return f" {(o[7:-1] if (o:=str(x.arg))[-1] in ('i', 'm') else o[7:]).lower():7s}"
def _format_operands(x:UOp) -> str:
def _format(src:tuple[UOp, ...]) -> list[str]:
return [str(s.val) if s.op is Ops.CONST else reg_strs[o].get(s.dtype.itemsize, o) if \
(o:=str(greg(s))) in reg_strs else o for s in src if greg(s) is not None]
def _mem_adress(base:UOp, idx:UOp, disp:UOp, sz:UOp) -> list[str]:
return [f"[{greg(base)}" + (f" + {greg(idx)}*{sz.val}" if greg(idx) else "") + (f" + {disp.val}" if disp.val else "") + "]"]
if len(x.src) > 4 and x.arg in X86GroupOp.WriteMem: ret = _mem_adress(*x.src[:4]) + _format(x.src[4:])
elif len(x.src) > 3 and x.arg in X86GroupOp.Rm1st: ret = _format((x,)) + _mem_adress(*x.src[:4]) + _format(x.src[4:])
elif len(x.src) > 4 and x.arg in X86GroupOp.Rm2nd: ret = _format((x, x.src[0])) + _mem_adress(*x.src[1:5]) + _format(x.src[5:])
else: ret = _format((x,) + x.src)
return ", ".join(ret)
asm = [f".{function_name}:"]
for u in uops:
if u.op is not Ops.INS or u.arg is X86Ops.DEFINE: continue
if u.arg is X86Ops.LABEL: asm.append(f"{str(u.tag)}:")
elif u.arg is X86Ops.RET: asm.append(_format_op(u))
else: asm.append(_format_op(u) + " " + _format_operands(u))
return "\n".join(asm)
def render(self, uops:list[UOp]) -> str:
targets: dict[str, int] = {}
jumps: dict[UOp, int] = {}
binary = bytearray()
for u in uops:
if u.op is not Ops.INS or u.arg is X86Ops.DEFINE: continue
if u.arg is X86Ops.LOOP_CMP: continue
if u.arg is X86Ops.LABEL:
targets[u.tag] = len(binary)
continue
if u.arg not in encodings or (l:=encodings[u.arg](u)) is None:
raise RuntimeError(f"failed to encode {u.arg} with {u.dtype} srcs {[x.dtype for x in u.src]}")
binary.extend(l)
if u.arg in (X86Ops.JL, X86Ops.JB, X86Ops.JE, X86Ops.JNE, X86Ops.JGE, X86Ops.JMP): jumps[u] = len(binary)
# fixup jump targets now that encoding size is known
for u in uops:
if (t:=jumps.get(u)) is not None: binary[t-4:t] = (targets[u.tag] - t).to_bytes(4, 'little', signed=True)
return binary.hex()
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if d not in dtypes.fp8s+(dtypes.bfloat16,)}

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@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
import math, struct, sys
from tinygrad.codegen.opt import tc
from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import HIPRenderer, create_non_native_float_pats, pm_manual_bf16_cast
from tinygrad.codegen.decomp.transcendental import xexp2, xlog2
from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, GroupOp, range_str
from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, float_to_fp8, DType, truncate, AddrSpace
from tinygrad.helpers import prod, Target, NUM_CPU_THREADS, getenv, OSX
def is_volatile(u:UOp) -> bool: return (buf:=u.buf_uop).op is Ops.PARAM and buf.arg.volatile
def ldt(dt:DType, count=1, ptr=False):
if ptr: return ldt(dt, count) + "*"
if count > 1: return f"<{count} x {ldt(dt, 1, ptr)}>"
return {dtypes.void: "void", dtypes.bool: "i1", dtypes.int8: "i8", dtypes.int16: "i16", dtypes.int32: "i32", dtypes.int64: "i64",
dtypes.uint8: "i8", dtypes.uint16: "i16", dtypes.uint32: "i32", dtypes.uint64: "i64", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "i8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "i8",
dtypes.float16: "half", dtypes.bfloat16: "bfloat", dtypes.float32: "float", dtypes.float64: "double"}[dt]
def lconst(x, dtype:DType):
if dtype in dtypes.floats:
if dtype in dtypes.fp8s: return float_to_fp8(x, dtype)
if math.isinf(x) or math.isnan(x): return "0x%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X" % tuple(struct.pack("d",x)[::-1])
return truncate[dtype](x)
return int(x)
def lcast(input_type:DType, output_type:DType):
if dtypes.is_float(input_type):
if dtypes.is_float(output_type): return 'fpext' if output_type.itemsize > input_type.itemsize else 'fptrunc'
if dtypes.is_int(output_type): return 'fptoui' if dtypes.is_unsigned(output_type) else 'fptosi'
if dtypes.is_unsigned(input_type) or dtypes.is_bool(input_type):
if dtypes.is_float(output_type): return 'uitofp'
if dtypes.is_int(output_type): return 'trunc' if output_type.itemsize < input_type.itemsize else 'zext'
if dtypes.is_int(input_type):
if dtypes.is_float(output_type): return 'sitofp'
if dtypes.is_int(output_type): return 'trunc' if output_type.itemsize < input_type.itemsize else 'sext'
raise NotImplementedError(f"cast from {input_type} -> {output_type} not implemented")
def render_wmma_amd(ctx, wmma: UOp, cdna=False, rdna4=False) -> str:
dt_map = {dtypes.half: "f16", dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.ushort: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16", dtypes.bfloat16: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16",
dtypes.fp8e4m3: ".fp8.fp8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: ".bf8.bf8", dtypes.int8: "iu8", dtypes.int32: "i32"}
# https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/clang/test/CodeGenOpenCL/builtins-amdgcn-mfma.cl
N,M,K = wmma.arg[0]
if cdna:
if K == 32: dt_map.update({dtypes.half: ".f16", dtypes.bfloat16: ".bf16"})
scaled = K == 128
args = [f"{ldt(w.dtype, w.max_numel())} {ctx[w]}" for w in wmma.src]
# scaled mfma call require E8M0 scale args, byte = 0x7F = 127, scale = 2^(127 - 127) = 1.0
if scaled:
_fmt = { dtypes.fp8e5m2:1, dtypes.fp8e4m3:0 }
# (a_fp8_fmt, b_fp8_fmt, opsel, scale_a, opsel, scale_b)
args.extend([f"i32 {_fmt[wmma.arg[1]]}", f"i32 {_fmt[wmma.arg[1]]}", "i32 0", "i32 127", "i32 0", "i32 127"])
else: args.extend(["i32 0", "i32 0", "i32 0"]) # (cbsz, blgp, ?)
scale = "scale." if scaled else ""
dt_in = dt_map[wmma.arg[1]] if not scaled else ".f8f6f4"
return f" {ctx[wmma]} = call {ldt(wmma.dtype, wmma.max_numel())} @llvm.amdgcn.mfma.{scale}{dt_map[wmma.src[-1].dtype]}" + \
f".{N}x{M}x{K}{dt_in}(" + ", ".join(args) + ")"
# https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/llvm/test/CodeGen/AMDGPU/GlobalISel/llvm.amdgcn.wmma_32.ll
# example: %wmma0 = call <8 x float> @llvm.amdgcn.wmma.f32.16x16x16.f16(<16 x half> %v99,<16 x half> %v100,<8 x float> %v101)
args = [f"{ldt(w.dtype, w.max_numel())} {ctx[w]}" for w in wmma.src]
if wmma.arg[1] == dtypes.int8: args = ["i1 true", args[0], "i1 true", args[1], args[2]] # iu8 flags A/B signed
if wmma.dtype != dtypes.float: args.append("i1 false") # opsel
def _bf16(dt:DType): return dtypes.ushort if dt is dtypes.bfloat16 else dt
suffix = f".v{wmma.max_numel()}{dt_map[_bf16(wmma.dtype)]}.v{wmma.src[0].max_numel()}{dt_map[_bf16(wmma.arg[1])]}" if rdna4 else ""
# bfloat treated as i16 in LLVM call
return f" {ctx[wmma]} = call {ldt(_bf16(wmma.dtype), wmma.max_numel())} @llvm.amdgcn.wmma.{dt_map[wmma.src[-1].dtype]}.16x16x16." + \
f"{dt_map[wmma.arg[1]]}{suffix}(" + ", ".join(args) + ")"
# llvm ops, lop[<dtype>][<op>]
unsigned_lop = { Ops.ADD: "add", Ops.MUL: "mul", Ops.CDIV: "udiv", Ops.CMOD: "urem",
Ops.CMPLT: "icmp ult", Ops.CMPNE: "icmp ne", Ops.CMPEQ: "icmp eq", Ops.OR: "or", Ops.AND: "and", Ops.XOR: "xor",
Ops.SHL: "shl", Ops.SHR: "lshr",}
signed_lop = {**unsigned_lop, Ops.ADD: "add nsw", Ops.CMPLT: "icmp slt", Ops.CDIV: "sdiv", Ops.CMOD: "srem", Ops.SHR: "ashr"}
flags = " nsz arcp contract afn"
float_lop = {Ops.ADD: "fadd"+flags, Ops.MUL: "fmul"+flags, Ops.CMPLT: f"fcmp{flags} olt",
Ops.CMPNE: f"fcmp{flags} une", Ops.CMPEQ: f"fcmp{flags} oeq", Ops.FDIV: "fdiv"+flags}
lop = {**{x:unsigned_lop for x in (dtypes.bool,)+dtypes.uints}, **{x:signed_lop for x in dtypes.sints}, **{x:float_lop for x in dtypes.floats}}
base_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
# memory load/store
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat((Ops.BUFFER, Ops.PARAM, Ops.AFTER)),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = getelementptr inbounds {ldt(x.dtype)}, {ldt(x.dtype, ptr=True)} {ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ldt(x.src[1].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[1]]}"),
# register index
(UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.cvar("idx")), name="x"), lambda ctx,buf,idx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = extractelement {ldt(buf.dtype, buf.max_numel())} {ctx[buf]}, i32 {idx.val}" if buf.addrspace == AddrSpace.ALU else None),
# load/store
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var("idx"), UPat.var("alt"), UPat.var("mask")), name="x"),
lambda ctx,x,idx,alt,mask:
f" br label {ctx[x]}_entry\n{ctx[x][1:]}_entry:\n"
f" br i1 {ctx[mask]}, label {ctx[x]}_load, label {ctx[x]}_exit\n{ctx[x][1:]}_load:\n"
f" {ctx[x]}_yes = load {'volatile ' if is_volatile(idx) else ''}{ldt(idx.dtype, idx.max_numel())}, "
f"{ldt(idx.dtype, idx.max_numel(), True)} {ctx[idx]}\n"
f" br label {ctx[x]}_exit\n{ctx[x][1:]}_exit:\n"
f" {ctx[x]} = phi {ldt(x.dtype, x.max_numel())} [{ctx[x]}_yes, {ctx[x]}_load], [{ctx[alt]}, {ctx[x]}_entry]"),
(UPat.var('idx').load(name="x"), lambda ctx,x,idx:
f" {ctx[x]} = load {'volatile ' if is_volatile(idx) else ''}{ldt(idx.dtype, idx.max_numel())}, "
f"{ldt(idx.dtype, idx.max_numel(), True)} {ctx[idx]}"),
(UPat.var('idx').store(UPat.var("var")), lambda ctx,idx,var:
f" store {'volatile ' if is_volatile(idx) else ''}{ldt(var.dtype, idx.max_numel())} {ctx[var]}, "
f"{ldt(idx.dtype, idx.max_numel(), True)} {ctx[idx]}"),
# GEP/VECTORIZE/CAST for float4 support
(UPat(Ops.STACK, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
"\n".join([(f" {ctx[x]}_{i}" if i+1 != len(x.src) else f" {ctx[x]}")+
f" = insertelement {ldt(x.dtype, x.max_numel())} "+(f"{ctx[x]}_{i-1}" if i != 0 else "poison")+
f", {ldt(u.dtype)} {ctx[u]}, i32 {i}" for i,u in enumerate(x.src)])),
# unary/binary/ternary ops
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = bitcast {ldt(x.src[0].dtype, x.src[0].max_numel())} {ctx[x.src[0]]} to {ldt(x.dtype, x.max_numel())}"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f" {ctx[x]} = {lcast(x.src[0].dtype, x.dtype)} {ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]} to {ldt(x.dtype)}"),
(UPat(Ops.TRUNC, name="x"),
lambda ctx,x: f" {ctx[x]} = call {ldt(x.dtype)} @llvm.trunc.{ldt(x.dtype)}({ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
(UPat(GroupOp.Binary, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = {lop[x.src[0].dtype][x.op]} {ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx[x.src[1]]}"),
(UPat(Ops.WHERE, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = select {ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ldt(x.src[1].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[1]]}, {ldt(x.src[2].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[2]]}"),
# loop (a RANGE with no src is an unbounded loop header)
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, dtypes.void, name="l"), lambda ctx,l: f" br label %loop_{ctx[l][1:]}\nloop_{ctx[l][1:]}:"),
(UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE, dtypes.void, name="l"), UPat(name="c"))), lambda ctx,l,c:
f" br i1 {ctx[c]}, label %loop_{ctx[l][1:]}, label %loop_exit_{ctx[l][1:]}\nloop_exit_{ctx[l][1:]}:"),
# range
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="r"), lambda ctx,r:
f" br label %loop_entry_{range_str(r)}\n"
f"loop_entry_{range_str(r)}:\n"
f" br label %loop_latch_{range_str(r)}\n"
f"loop_latch_{range_str(r)}:\n"
f" {ctx[r]} = phi {ldt(r.dtype)} [ 0, %loop_entry_{range_str(r)} ], [ {ctx[r]}phi, %loop_footer_{range_str(r)} ]\n"
f" {ctx[r]}phi = add {ldt(r.dtype)} {ctx[r]}, 1\n"
f" {ctx[r]}cmp = icmp ult {ldt(r.dtype)} {ctx[r]}, {ctx[r.src[0]]}\n"
f" br i1 {ctx[r]}cmp, label %loop_body_{range_str(r)}, label %loop_exit_{range_str(r)}\n"
f"loop_body_{range_str(r)}:"),
(UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="r"))), lambda r:
f" br label %loop_footer_{range_str(r)}\n"
f"loop_footer_{range_str(r)}:\n"
f" br label %loop_latch_{range_str(r)}\n"
f"loop_exit_{range_str(r)}:"),
# if
(UPat(Ops.IF, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f" br i1 {ctx[x.src[0]]}, label %ifbody_{ctx[x][1:]}, label %ifskip_{ctx[x][1:]}\nifbody_{ctx[x][1:]}:"),
(UPat(Ops.ENDIF, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f" br label %ifskip_{ctx[x.src[0]][1:]}\nifskip_{ctx[x.src[0]][1:]}:"),
(UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: "")
])
class LLVMRenderer(Renderer):
abi: str | None
string_rewrite: PatternMatcher
code_for_op = {k:lambda:None for v in lop.values() for k in v.keys()}
extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats((dtypes.bfloat16,)) + pm_manual_bf16_cast
def _render_fn(self, name:str, args:list[tuple[str,UOp]], kernel:list[str], prefix:list[str]|None=None) -> str:
# NOTE: CPUAllocator promises 0x20 alignment
sargs = ", ".join([f"{ldt(u.dtype, ptr=u.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL)}{' noalias align 32' if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else ''} " + \
name for name,u in args])
return "\n".join((prefix or []) + [f"define{' ' + self.abi if self.abi else ''} void @{name}({sargs}) #0", "{"] + kernel + [" ret void\n}"])
def _render_kernel(self, uops: list[UOp], prefix:list[str]|None=None) -> tuple[tuple[str, ...], str]:
r: dict[UOp, str] = {}
args: list[tuple[str, UOp]] = []
kernel: list[str] = []
vc = -1
local_args: list[str] = []
name = "test"
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP}: continue
if u.op is Ops.AFTER:
r[u] = r[u.src[0]]
continue
if u.op is Ops.SINK:
if u.arg is not None: name = u.arg.function_name
continue
if u.op is Ops.PARAM:
r[u] = f"%data{u.arg.slot}"
args.append((r[u], u))
elif u.op is Ops.BUFFER:
r[u] = f"%{'local' if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL else 'reg'}_{str(u.arg.slot)}"
size = u.max_numel()
if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.REG:
kernel.append(f" {r[u]} = alloca [{size} x {ldt(u.dtype)}]")
elif self.has_local:
local_args.append(f"@{r[u][1:]} = internal unnamed_addr addrspace(3) global [{size} x {ldt(u.dtype)}] undef, align 16")
kernel.append(f" {r[u]} = addrspacecast [{size} x {ldt(u.dtype)}] addrspace(3)* @{r[u][1:]} to [{size} x {ldt(u.dtype)}]*")
else:
kernel.append(f" {r[u]} = alloca [{size} x {ldt(u.dtype)}], align 16")
elif u.op is Ops.CONST: r[u] = lconst(u.val, u.dtype)
elif u.op is Ops.CAST and ldt(u.dtype) == ldt(u.src[0].dtype):
r[u] = r[u.src[0]] # cast from signed to unsigned of the same size is a noop, or pointer cast
else:
# if it's an assign target, it's already preallocated
if u not in r:
vc += 1
r[u] = f"%v{vc}"
# do the rendering of the llvm ir code
l: str|None = self.string_rewrite.rewrite(u, ctx=r)
if l is None:
raise RuntimeError(f"failed to render {u.op} with {u.dtype} srcs {[x.dtype for x in u.src]}")
kernel.append(l)
return tuple(local_args), self._render_fn(name, args, kernel, prefix)
class CPULLVMRenderer(LLVMRenderer):
has_local = False
has_threads = bool(getenv("THREADS", 1))
global_max = (NUM_CPU_THREADS.value, 0, 0)
abi = 'win64cc' if sys.platform == 'win32' else None
string_rewrite = base_rewrite
def render(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str: return "\n".join((k:=self._render_kernel(uops))[0] + (k[1], self._render_footer(uops)))
def _render_footer(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str: return 'attributes #0 = { alwaysinline nounwind "no-builtins" "no-trapping-math"="true" }'
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_llvm import CPULLVMCompiler
self.compiler = CPULLVMCompiler(target.arch.split(","))
# FIXME: fp16 works on non-osx, but only if the cpu supports it
def supported_dtypes(self):
return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if
(d != dtypes.bfloat16 or self.target.arch.startswith(("x86", "arm"))) and (d != dtypes.half or OSX) and d not in dtypes.fp8s}
barrier = 'fence syncscope("workgroup") release\ntail call void @llvm.amdgcn.s.barrier()\nfence syncscope("workgroup") acquire\n'
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"tail call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.workgroup.id.{chr(120+int(x))}()",
"l": lambda x: f"tail call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.workitem.id.{chr(120+int(x))}()"}
# https://rocm.docs.amd.com/projects/llvm-project/en/latest/LLVM/llvm/html/AMDGPUUsage.html#llvm-ir-intrinsics
llvm_intrinsics = {Ops.SQRT: "sqrt", Ops.LOG2: "log2", Ops.EXP2: "exp2"}
class AMDLLVMRenderer(LLVMRenderer):
shared_max = HIPRenderer.shared_max
global_max = HIPRenderer.global_max
global_prod_max = HIPRenderer.global_prod_max
abi = "amdgpu_kernel"
code_for_op = {**LLVMRenderer.code_for_op, **{op: lambda: None for op in llvm_intrinsics}}
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f" {ctx[x]} = " + f"{ code_for_workitem[x.arg[0]](x.arg[-1])}; "),
(UPat(tuple(llvm_intrinsics), name="x"),
lambda ctx, x: f" {ctx[x]} = call {ldt(x.dtype)} @llvm.{llvm_intrinsics[x.op]}.{ldt(x.dtype)}({ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
(UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: barrier),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.fp8s, (UPat(dtype=dtypes.float),), name="x",), lambda ctx,x:
f" {ctx[x]} = call i8 @f32_to_fp8({ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]}, i1 {'1' if x.dtype == dtypes.fp8e5m2 else '0'})"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.float, (UPat.var("y", dtypes.fp8s),), name="x",), lambda ctx,x,y:
f" {ctx[x.src[0]]}_i32 = zext i8 {ctx[x.src[0]]} to i32\n"
f" {ctx[x]} = call float @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.f32.{'bf8' if y.dtype == dtypes.fp8e5m2 else 'fp8'}(i32 {ctx[x.src[0]]}_i32, i32 0)"),
]) + base_rewrite
extra_matcher = LLVMRenderer.extra_matcher + create_non_native_float_pats(dtypes.fp8s) + PatternMatcher([
# amd llvm intrinsics llvm.log2/llvm.exp2 don't support double
(UPat(Ops.LOG2, dtype=dtypes.double, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), xlog2),
(UPat(Ops.EXP2, dtype=dtypes.double, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), xexp2),
])
def asm(self, prg: UOp, lin: UOp) -> bytes:
from tinygrad.renderer.amd.elf import assemble_linear
return assemble_linear(prg, lin, self.target.arch)
def render(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str:
prefix = ["""define i8 @f32_to_fp8(float %val, i1 %is_bf8) {
entry: %ival = bitcast float %val to i32\n %exp = and i32 %ival, 2139095040\n %is_special = icmp eq i32 %exp, 2139095040
br i1 %is_special, label %select_clip, label %clip
clip: br i1 %is_bf8, label %bf8_clip, label %fp8_clip
bf8_clip: %clamped_bf8 = call float @llvm.amdgcn.fmed3.f32(float %val, float 57344.0, float -57344.0)\n br label %select_clip
fp8_clip: %clamped_fp8 = call float @llvm.amdgcn.fmed3.f32(float %val, float 448.0, float -448.0) \n br label %select_clip
select_clip: %phi_val = phi float [%val, %entry], [%clamped_bf8, %bf8_clip], [%clamped_fp8, %fp8_clip]\n br i1 %is_bf8, label %do_bf8, label %do_fp8
do_bf8: %packed_bf8 = call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.pk.bf8.f32(float %phi_val, float %phi_val, i32 0, i1 false)\n br label %exit
do_fp8: %packed_fp8 = call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.pk.fp8.f32(float %phi_val, float %phi_val, i32 0, i1 false)\n br label %exit
exit: %packed = phi i32 [%packed_bf8, %do_bf8], [%packed_fp8, %do_fp8]\n %trunc = trunc i32 %packed to i8\n ret i8 %trunc
}""".replace(": ", ":\n ")] if any(u.dtype in dtypes.fp8s for u in uops) else []
return "\n".join((k:=self._render_kernel(uops, prefix))[0] + (k[1], self._render_footer(uops)))
def _render_footer(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str:
# TODO: this is copied from cstyle
local_dims = [u.src[0] for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == "l"]
requiredMaxThreadsPerBlock = prod([d.vmax for d in local_dims])
attributes = ["alwaysinline", "nounwind", '"no-builtins"',
f'"amdgpu-flat-work-group-size"="1,{requiredMaxThreadsPerBlock}"', '"no-trapping-math"="true"']
return 'attributes #0 = { ' + ' '.join(attributes) + ' }'
@staticmethod
def is_rdna4(arch): return arch.split(':')[0] in {'gfx1200', 'gfx1201'}
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_llvm import AMDLLVMCompiler
self.compiler, self.tensor_cores, self.is_cdna = AMDLLVMCompiler(target.arch), tc.get_amd(target.arch), HIPRenderer.is_cdna(target.arch)
self.string_rewrite += PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma"), lambda ctx, wmma, rdna4=AMDLLVMRenderer.is_rdna4(target.arch), cdna=self.is_cdna:
render_wmma_amd(ctx, wmma, cdna, rdna4))
])
if self.is_cdna:
self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint32), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint32), x.src[2]))
if x.arg[0][2] == 128 and x.src[0].dtype.itemsize <= 8 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[2]))
if x.max_numel() == 4 and x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 and x.src[0].max_numel() == 4 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint64), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint64), x.src[2]))
if x.max_numel() == 4 and x.src[0].dtype in dtypes.fp8_ocp and x.src[0].max_numel() == 8 else None),
])
if target.arch in {"gfx1100", "gfx1151"}:
self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.int32), lambda x: x.replace(
src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint32), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint32), x.src[2]))
if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.int8 and x.src[0].max_numel() == 16 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.half), lambda x: UOp(Ops.STACK, src=tuple(x.replace(
src=(x.src[0], x.src[1], UOp(Ops.STACK, src=tuple(x.src[2].index(UOp.const(j//2, dtypes.int16))
if j%2 == 0 else UOp.const(0.0, x.src[2].dtype)
for j in range(x.max_numel()*2)))),
arg=(*x.arg[:4], None)).index(UOp.const(i*2, dtypes.int16))
for i in range(x.max_numel()))) if x.max_numel() == 8 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x"), lambda x: x.replace(
src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[2]))
if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 and x.src[0].max_numel() == 16 else None),
])
if target.arch in {"gfx1200", "gfx1201"}:
self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.bfloat16), lambda x: x.replace(
dtype=dtypes.uint16,
src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[2].bitcast(dtypes.uint16)))
.bitcast(dtypes.bfloat16) if x.max_numel() == 8 and x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 and x.src[0].max_numel() == 8 else None),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint16), x.src[2]))
if x.max_numel() == 8 and x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 and x.src[0].max_numel() == 8 else None)
])
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes()
if (d not in dtypes.fp8_ocp or self.target.arch == "gfx950") and d not in dtypes.fp8_fnuz}

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from typing import Callable, Any
from tinygrad.dtype import AddrSpace, DType, dtypes, truncate
from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG, OSX, unwrap, fromimport, Target, is_image_shape, round_up
from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import CUDARenderer
from tinygrad.uop.ops import GroupOp, Ops, UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, range_str
from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import mesa, libc
from tinygrad.runtime.support.c import POINTER
import base64, ctypes, struct, functools, inspect, itertools
def g(s:str): return getattr(mesa, s)
def nsrc(d:mesa.nir_def) -> mesa.nir_src: return mesa.nir_src(ssa=ctypes.pointer(d))
def glsl_type(t:DType): return {
**{getattr(dtypes,k):g(f"glsl_type_builtin_{v}") for k,v in [('double','double'),('float','float'),('float16','float16_t'),('bool','uint8_t')]},
**{d:g(f"glsl_type_builtin_{'u' * (d in dtypes.uints)}int{str(d.bitsize)+'_t' if d.itemsize != 4 else ''}") for d in dtypes.ints}}[t]
# alu ops, aop[<dtype>][<op>]
u_aop = { Ops.ADD: "iadd", Ops.MUL: "imul", Ops.CDIV: "udiv", Ops.CMOD: "umod", Ops.CMPLT: "ult", Ops.CMPNE: "ine", Ops.CMPEQ: "ieq", Ops.OR: "ior",
Ops.AND: "iand", Ops.XOR: "ixor", Ops.WHERE: "bcsel", Ops.MAX: "umax", Ops.SHL: "ishl", Ops.SHR: "ushr"}
s_aop = {**u_aop, Ops.CMPLT: "ilt", Ops.CDIV: "idiv", Ops.CMOD: "irem", Ops.MAX: "imax", Ops.SHR: "ishr"}
f_aop = { Ops.ADD: "fadd", Ops.MUL: "fmul", Ops.CMPLT: "flt", Ops.CMPNE: "fneu", Ops.CMPEQ: "feq", Ops.FDIV: "fdiv", Ops.RECIPROCAL: "frcp",
Ops.MAX: "fmax", Ops.TRUNC: "ftrunc", Ops.SIN: "fsin", Ops.EXP2: "fexp2", Ops.LOG2: "flog2"}
aop = {**{x:u_aop for x in (dtypes.bool,)+dtypes.uints}, **{x:s_aop for x in dtypes.sints}, **{x:f_aop for x in dtypes.floats}}
def c(t:DType, u:bool=True) -> str: return "u" if t in dtypes.uints and u else ("i" if t in dtypes.ints else ("f" if t in dtypes.floats else "b"))
def ncast(b:mesa.nir_builder, src:mesa.nir_def, it:DType, ot:DType) -> mesa.nir_def:
return nalu(b, f"{c(it)}2{c(it) if it in dtypes.ints and ot in dtypes.ints else c(ot, ot == dtypes.bool)}{ot.bitsize}", src)
def nif(b:mesa.nir_builder, cond:mesa.nir_def, then_fn:Callable, else_fn:Callable):
nif = mesa.nir_push_if(b, cond)
t = then_fn()
mesa.nir_push_else(b, nif)
e = else_fn()
mesa.nir_pop_if(b, nif)
return t, e
def nalu(b:mesa.nir_builder, op:str, *srcs:mesa.nir_def) -> mesa.nir_def: return g(f"nir_build_alu{len(srcs)}")(b, g(f"nir_op_{op}"), *srcs).contents
def nir_instr(nc=1, bs=lambda: None, intrins=None, srcs=None, has_def=True, df=None, also=lambda: None, **contents):
def dec(f:Callable):
@functools.wraps(f)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs) -> mesa.nir_def:
(ba:=inspect.signature(f).bind(*args, **kwargs)).apply_defaults()
def go(g): return g(**{nm: ba.arguments[nm] for nm in inspect.signature(g).parameters}) if callable(g) else g
instr = f(*args, **kwargs)
if has_def: mesa.nir_def_init(instr.contents.instr, instr.contents._def, go(nc), go(bs))
for k, v in go(intrins or {}).items():
idx = mesa.nir_intrinsic_infos[instr.contents.intrinsic].index_map[g(f"NIR_INTRINSIC_{k}")]
assert idx > 0, "invalid intrinsic. mesa version mismatch?"
instr.contents.const_index[idx - 1] = go(v)
for i, src in enumerate(go(srcs or [])): ctypes.cast(instr.contents.src, ctypes.POINTER(mesa.nir_src))[i] = go(src)
for k,v in {k:vcomp for k,v in contents.items() if (vcomp:=go(v)) is not None}.items(): setattr(instr.contents, k, go(v))
mesa.nir_builder_instr_insert(ba.arguments['b'], instr.contents.instr)
go(also)
return instr.contents._def if has_def else (mesa.nir_def() if df is None else go(df))
return wrapper
return dec
@nir_instr(nc=1, bs=lambda src: src.bit_size, exact=lambda b:b.exact, fp_fast_math=lambda b:b.fp_fast_math)
def nchannel(b:mesa.nir_builder, src:mesa.nir_def, c:int):
alu_src = mesa.nir_alu_src(src=nsrc(src))
alu_src.swizzle[0] = c
mov = mesa.nir_alu_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_op_mov)
ctypes.cast(mov.contents.src, ctypes.POINTER(mesa.nir_alu_src))[0] = alu_src
return mov
def nimm_set(imm:mesa.nir_def, x, dtype:DType):
instr = ctypes.cast(imm.parent_instr, ctypes.POINTER(mesa.nir_load_const_instr))
struct.pack_into(unwrap(dtype.fmt), (ctypes.c_ubyte * dtype.itemsize).from_address(ctypes.addressof(instr.contents.value)), 0, truncate[dtype](x))
@nir_instr(nc=1, bs=lambda dtype: dtype.bitsize)
def nimm(b:mesa.nir_builder, x, dtype:DType) -> mesa.nir_def:
nimm_set((instr:=mesa.nir_load_const_instr_create(b.shader, 1, dtype.bitsize)).contents._def, x, dtype)
return instr
@nir_instr(nc=1, bs=lambda dtype: dtype.bitsize)
def nundef(b, dtype): return mesa.nir_undef_instr_create(b.shader, 1, dtype.bitsize)
deref_var = nir_instr(nc=1, bs=32, modes=lambda var:var.data.mode, type=lambda var:var.type, var=lambda var:ctypes.pointer(var))( # pylint: disable=W0108
lambda b, var: mesa.nir_deref_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_deref_type_var))
def scope(space): return 'global' if space == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else ('shared' if space == AddrSpace.LOCAL else 'deref')
nstore = nir_instr(has_def=False, df=lambda addr:addr, intrins=lambda space,val: {"WRITE_MASK":(1<<val.num_components)-1,
**({"ALIGN_MUL":val.bit_size//8*val.num_components} if space != AddrSpace.REG else {})},
num_components=lambda val:val.num_components, srcs=lambda space, addr, val: [nsrc(val), nsrc(addr)][::1 if space != AddrSpace.REG else -1])(
lambda b, space, addr, val: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, g(f"nir_intrinsic_store_{scope(space)}")))
nload = nir_instr(nc=lambda u:u.max_numel(), bs=lambda u:u.dtype.bitsize, num_components=lambda u:u.max_numel(),
intrins=lambda space,u:{**({"ACCESS":mesa.ACCESS_CAN_REORDER} if space==AddrSpace.GLOBAL else {}),
**({"ALIGN_MUL":u.dtype.itemsize*u.max_numel()} if space != AddrSpace.REG else {})}, srcs=lambda addr: [nsrc(addr)])(
lambda b, space, addr, u: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, g(f"nir_intrinsic_load_{scope(space)}")))
ngid = nir_instr(nc=3, bs=32)(lambda b: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_load_workgroup_id))
nlid = nir_instr(nc=3, bs=32)(lambda b: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_load_local_invocation_id))
ngsz = nir_instr(nc=3, bs=32)(lambda b: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_load_workgroup_size))
def nid(b): return nalu(b, "iadd", nalu(b, "imul", ngid(b), ngsz(b)), nlid(b))
nbarrier = nir_instr(has_def=False, intrins={"EXECUTION_SCOPE":mesa.SCOPE_WORKGROUP})(
lambda b: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_barrier))
@nir_instr(has_def=False, target=lambda tgt:tgt and ctypes.pointer(tgt), condition=lambda cond:cond and nsrc(cond),
else_target=lambda else_tgt: else_tgt and ctypes.pointer(else_tgt))
def njump(b:mesa.nir_builder, typ, tgt=None, cond=None, else_tgt=None): return mesa.nir_jump_instr_create(b.shader, typ)
def if_phi(b:mesa.nir_builder, cond, then_fn, else_fn): return mesa.nir_if_phi(b, *nif(b, cond, then_fn, else_fn)).contents
def nidx(b:mesa.nir_builder, buf, off, space, itemsize, gate=None) -> mesa.nir_def:
@nir_instr(nc=1, bs=32, modes=lambda buf: buf.data.mode, type=lambda buf: mesa.glsl_get_array_element(buf.type))
def reg(b, buf):
deref = mesa.nir_deref_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_deref_type_array)
deref.contents.parent, deref.contents.arr.index = nsrc(deref_var(b, buf)), nsrc(off)
return deref
f = (functools.partial(reg, b, buf) if space == AddrSpace.REG else
lambda: nalu(b, "iadd", buf, nalu(b, "imul", off, nimm(b, itemsize, dtypes.long))))
return if_phi(b, gate, f, lambda: buf) if gate is not None else f()
class NIRRenderer(Renderer):
suffix = "NIR"
nir_options: bytes
global_max, local_max, shared_max = CUDARenderer.global_max, CUDARenderer.local_max, CUDARenderer.shared_max
code_for_op = {**{k:lambda:None for k in u_aop.keys()}, **{k:lambda:None for k in s_aop.keys()}, **{k:lambda:None for k in f_aop.keys()}}
extra_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# handle negative unsigned CONST
(UPat.cvar("x", dtypes.uints), lambda x: UOp.const(x.dtype.max+x.val+1, x.dtype) if x.val < 0 else None),
# from ptx
(UPat.var('x', dtype=dtypes.bool)<UPat.var('y'), lambda x,y: (x^True)&y),
# load/store bool -> uint8
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.bool, name="x"),
lambda x: x.replace(dtype=dtypes.uint8, src=x.src[0:1]+((x.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint8),) if len(x.src)>=2 else ())+x.src[2:]).cast(dtypes.bool)),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat(), UPat(dtype=dtypes.bool)), name="x", allow_any_len=True),
lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0], x.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint8))+x.src[2:])),
# NIR requires shift amount to be 32 bit: https://docs.mesa3d.org/nir/alu.html#nir-alu-op-ishl
(UPat((Ops.SHL, Ops.SHR), name="x"), lambda x: x.replace(src=(x.src[0], x.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint))) if x.src[1].dtype.bitsize != 32 else None),
# OpConvertFToU is undefined if Result Type is not wide enough, cast through int32
# ref: https://registry.khronos.org/SPIR-V/specs/unified1/SPIRV.html#OpConvertFToU
(UPat(Ops.CAST, (dtypes.uchar, dtypes.ushort), src=(UPat.var("x", dtypes.floats),), name="c"), lambda x,c: x.cast(dtypes.int32).cast(c.dtype)),
# load/store use pointer arithmetic, and the cast does nothing. NOTE: this doesn't apply to image indexing cause it's 1-D
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("off")), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda x,buf,off: x.replace(
src=(buf,off.cast(dtypes.long))+x.src[2:]) if buf.addrspace != AddrSpace.REG and not is_image_shape(buf._shape) else None),
# images need index to be int for nir (coordinates only: the INDEX keeps its access dtype)
(UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("idx_y"), UPat.var("idx_x"), name="x"),
lambda x,buf,idx_y,idx_x: x.replace(src=(buf, idx_y.cast(dtypes.int), idx_x.cast(dtypes.int)))),
])
def_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: nimm(ctx.b, x.val, x.dtype)),
(UPat(Ops.PARAM, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ctx.param(ctx.b, x, x.dtype.itemsize if x.addrspace is AddrSpace.ALU else 8)),
(UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: nchannel(ctx.b, {'g':ngid, 'l':nlid, 'i': nid}[x.arg[0]](ctx.b), int(x.arg[-1]))),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat.var("buf"),UPat.var("off")), allow_any_len=True), UPat.var("val"))),
lambda ctx,buf,off,val: nstore(ctx.b, buf.addrspace, nidx(ctx.b, ctx.r[buf], ctx.r[off], buf.addrspace, buf.dtype.itemsize), ctx.r[val])),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("off")), allow_any_len=True), UPat.var("alt"),
UPat.var("gate")), name="x"),
lambda ctx,x,buf,off,alt,gate: if_phi(ctx.b, ctx.r[gate],
lambda: nload(ctx.b, buf.addrspace, nidx(ctx.b, ctx.r[buf], ctx.r[off], buf.addrspace, buf.dtype.itemsize, ctx.r[gate]), x),
lambda: ctx.r[alt])),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("off")), allow_any_len=True),), name="x"),
lambda ctx,x,buf,off: nload(ctx.b, buf.addrspace, nidx(ctx.b, ctx.r[buf], ctx.r[off], buf.addrspace, buf.dtype.itemsize), x)),
(UPat(Ops.STACK, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: nalu(ctx.b, f"vec{x.max_numel()}", *[ctx.r[src] for src in x.src])),
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: nalu(ctx.b, aop[x.src[0].dtype][x.op], *[ctx.r[src] for src in x.src])),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ncast(ctx.b, ctx.r[x.src[0]], x.src[0].dtype, x.dtype)),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, src=(UPat.var("a"),), allow_any_len=True), lambda ctx,a: ctx.r[a]),
(UPat(Ops.BUFFER, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: mesa.nir_local_variable_create(ctx.b.impl,
mesa.glsl_array_type(glsl_type(x.dtype), x.max_numel(), 0).contents, f"acc{x.arg.slot}".encode()).contents),
(UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: nbarrier(ctx.b)),
(UPat(Ops.IF, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: mesa.nir_push_if(ctx.b, ctx.r[x.src[0]])),
(UPat(Ops.ENDIF, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: (lambda _: mesa.nir_def())(mesa.nir_pop_if(ctx.b, ctx.r[x.src[0]])))
])
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
self.compiler = fromimport("tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_mesa", self.__class__.__name__.replace("Renderer", "Compiler"))(target.arch)
if hasattr(self.compiler, "nir_options"): self.nir_options = self.compiler.nir_options
mesa.glsl_type_singleton_init_or_ref()
self._deinit_types = True
def __del__(self):
if getattr(self, "_deinit_types", False): mesa.glsl_type_singleton_decref()
def param(self, b:mesa.nir_builder, x, sz:int) -> mesa.nir_def: raise NotImplementedError("needs param")
def prerender(self, uops:list[UOp]):
self.b = mesa.nir_builder_init_simple_shader(mesa.MESA_SHADER_COMPUTE, mesa.nir_shader_compiler_options.from_buffer_copy(self.nir_options), None)
self.b.shader.contents.info.workgroup_size_variable = any([u.op == Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == 'i' for u in uops])
def postrender(self, uops:list[UOp]): pass
def render(self, uops:list[UOp]):
self.prerender(uops)
for u in [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == "l"]: self.b.shader.contents.info.workgroup_size[int(u.arg[-1])] = u.src[0].val
self.r: dict[UOp, Any] = {}
self.param_idx = 0
ranges: list[mesa.nir_def|None] = []
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP} or (u.op is Ops.STACK and len(u.src) == 0): pass
elif u.op in {Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK}:
# INDEX on a register value picks the element, memory INDEX is handled in the LOAD/STORE patterns
if u.src[0].op not in {Ops.PARAM, Ops.BUFFER, Ops.AFTER}: self.r[u] = nchannel(self.b, self.r[u.src[0]], u.src[1].val)
elif u.op is Ops.AFTER:
self.r[u] = self.r[u.src[0]]
elif u.op == Ops.SINK:
if u.arg is not None:
self.b.shader.contents.info.name = ctypes.cast(ctypes.create_string_buffer(u.arg.function_name.encode()), POINTER[ctypes.c_char])
elif u.op == Ops.BUFFER and u.addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL:
self.r[u] = nimm(self.b, self.b.shader.contents.info.shared_size, dtypes.long)
self.b.shader.contents.info.shared_size += u.max_numel()*u.dtype.itemsize
elif u.op == Ops.RANGE:
if u.dtype == dtypes.void:
# a RANGE with no bound is a loop header: just open the loop, the END adds the conditional backedge
ranges.append(None)
mesa.nir_push_loop(self.b)
else:
ranges.append(i:=deref_var(self.b, mesa.nir_local_variable_create(self.b.impl, glsl_type(u.dtype), f"idx{range_str(u)}".encode()).contents))
nstore(self.b, AddrSpace.REG, i, nimm(self.b, 0, u.dtype))
mesa.nir_push_loop(self.b)
self.r[u] = nload(self.b, AddrSpace.REG, i, u)
nif(self.b, nalu(self.b, "ilt", self.r[u], self.r[u.src[0]]), lambda: None, lambda: njump(self.b, mesa.nir_jump_break))
elif u.op == Ops.END:
r = u.src[1]
if r.dtype == dtypes.void:
# loop again while the condition is true
nif(self.b, self.r[u.src[2]], lambda: None, lambda: njump(self.b, mesa.nir_jump_break))
ranges.pop()
mesa.nir_pop_loop(self.b, None)
else:
next_i = nalu(self.b, "iadd", self.r[r], nimm(self.b, 1, r.dtype))
# TODO: this nif should be removable ... but TestMultiTensor.test_double_matmul_shard_W_0 segfaults with it gone
nif(self.b, nalu(self.b, "ilt", next_i, self.r[r.src[0]]), lambda: None, lambda: njump(self.b, mesa.nir_jump_break))
nstore(self.b, AddrSpace.REG, ranges.pop(), next_i),
mesa.nir_pop_loop(self.b, None)
else:
d: mesa.nir_def|None = self.def_rewrite.rewrite(u, ctx=self)
if d is None: raise RuntimeError(f"failed to render {u.op} srcs {[x.dtype for x in u.src]}")
self.r[u] = d
self.postrender(uops)
mesa.nir_validate_shader(self.b.shader, b"after render")
if DEBUG >= 4: mesa.nir_print_shader(self.b.shader, ctypes.POINTER(mesa.struct__IO_FILE).in_dll(libc.dll, "__stdoutp" if OSX else "stdout"))
mesa.nir_serialize(blob:=mesa.struct_blob(), self.b.shader, False)
ret = base64.b64encode(ctypes.string_at(blob.data, blob.size)).decode()
mesa.ralloc_free(self.b.shader)
ctypes.CDLL(None).free(blob.data)
del self.b, self.r
return ret
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in Renderer.supported_dtypes(self) if d not in dtypes.fp8s+(dtypes.bfloat16,)}
def padded_idx(param_idx:int, size:int): return round_up(param_idx, size) + size
class NAKRenderer(NIRRenderer):
param = nir_instr(nc=1, num_components=1, bs=lambda sz:sz*8, also=lambda self,sz: setattr(self, "param_idx", padded_idx(self.param_idx, sz)),
intrins={"ALIGN_MUL":lambda sz:sz}, srcs=lambda self,b,sz: [nsrc(nimm(b,0,dtypes.int)), nsrc(nimm(b, round_up(self.param_idx,sz), dtypes.int))])(
lambda self, b, x, sz: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_ldc_nv))
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes() if (d != dtypes.half or int(self.target.arch[3:]) >= 53)}
class LVPRenderer(NIRRenderer):
has_local = False
has_shared = False
global_max = (1, 0, 0)
nir_options = mesa.lvp_nir_options
# gallivm's exp2/log2 have "undefined behavior with infs, 0s and nans", so exp2(log2(0)*y) returns 0 instead of inf
# https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/blob/c200b18e876468b51fe80d9660f612dc03a5138e/src/gallium/auxiliary/gallivm/lp_bld_arit.c#L2972
code_for_op = {k:v for k,v in NIRRenderer.code_for_op.items() if k != Ops.EXP2}
param = nir_instr(nc=1, bs=lambda sz: sz * 8, num_components=1, intrins={"ALIGN_MUL":lambda sz: sz, "RANGE":lambda self: self.param_sz},
srcs=lambda b,self,sz: [nsrc(nimm(b, 0, dtypes.int)), nsrc(nimm(b, round_up(self.param_idx, sz), dtypes.int))], also=lambda self, sz:
setattr(self, "param_idx", padded_idx(self.param_idx, sz)))(lambda self,b,x,sz:
mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, mesa.nir_intrinsic_load_ubo))
def prerender(self, uops:list[UOp]):
super().prerender(uops)
self.param_sz = functools.reduce(padded_idx, (u.element_size() if u.addrspace is AddrSpace.ALU else 8 for u in uops if u.op is Ops.PARAM), 0)
def tovec(b, idx_y, idx_x): return nalu(b, "vec4", idx_x, idx_y, nundef(b, dtypes.int), nundef(b, dtypes.int))
def nfloat(dtype): return mesa.nir_type_float16 if dtype == dtypes.half else mesa.nir_type_float32
nstore_img = nir_instr(has_def=False, df=lambda img:img, num_components=lambda val:val.num_components,
intrins=lambda dtype:{'IMAGE_DIM':mesa.GLSL_SAMPLER_DIM_2D, 'ACCESS':mesa.ACCESS_CAN_REORDER, 'SRC_TYPE':nfloat(dtype)},
srcs=lambda b,img,idx_y,idx_x,val:[nsrc(x) for x in [img, tovec(b, idx_y, idx_x), nundef(b, dtypes.int), val, nimm(b, 0, dtypes.int)]])(
lambda b,img,idx_y,idx_x,val,dtype:mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader,g("nir_intrinsic_image_store")))
_nload_img = nir_instr(intrins=lambda dtype:{'IMAGE_DIM':mesa.GLSL_SAMPLER_DIM_2D, 'ACCESS':mesa.ACCESS_CAN_REORDER, 'DEST_TYPE':nfloat(dtype)},
nc=4, bs=32, num_components=4,
srcs=lambda b,img,idx_y,idx_x:[nsrc(x) for x in [img, tovec(b, idx_y, idx_x), nundef(b, dtypes.int), nimm(b, 0, dtypes.int)]])(
lambda b,img,idx_y,idx_x,dtype: mesa.nir_intrinsic_instr_create(b.shader, g("nir_intrinsic_image_load")))
class IR3Renderer(NIRRenderer):
def nload_img(ctx,img,idx_y,idx_x):
ctx.texs.add(img)
return _nload_img(ctx.b, ctx.r[img], ctx.r[idx_y], ctx.r[idx_x], img.dtype)
def_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat.var('img').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')), UPat.var("val")), allow_any_len=True),
lambda ctx,img,idx_y,idx_x,val: nstore_img(ctx.b, ctx.r[img], ctx.r[idx_y], ctx.r[idx_x], ctx.r[val], val.dtype)),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var('img').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')), UPat.var("alt"), UPat.var("gate"))),
lambda ctx,img,idx_y,idx_x,alt,gate: if_phi(ctx.b, ctx.r[gate], lambda: ctx.nload_img(img, idx_y, idx_x), lambda: ctx.r[alt])),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.var('img').index(UPat.var('idx_y'), UPat.var('idx_x')),)), nload_img),
]) + NIRRenderer.def_rewrite
_param = LVPRenderer.param
def _param_img(self, x):
self.img_idx += 1
return nimm(self.b, self.img_idx - 1, dtypes.int)
def param(self, b, x, sz): return self._param_img(x) if is_image_shape(x._shape) else self._param(b, x, sz)
def prerender(self, uops:list[UOp]):
super().prerender(uops)
self.texs:set[UOp] = set()
self.img_idx = 0
self.param_sz = functools.reduce(padded_idx, (u.element_size() if u.addrspace is AddrSpace.ALU else 8
for u in uops if u.op is Ops.PARAM and not is_image_shape(u._shape)), 0)
def postrender(self, uops:list[UOp]):
bufs = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.PARAM and u.addrspace is not AddrSpace.ALU]
texs, imgs = itertools.count().__next__, itertools.count().__next__
for b in filter(lambda b: is_image_shape(b._shape), bufs):
nimm_set(self.r[b], texs() if b in self.texs else imgs(), dtypes.int)
self.b.shader.contents.info.num_ubos = len([u for u in bufs if not is_image_shape(u._shape)])
self.b.shader.contents.info.num_images = texs() + imgs()
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in NIRRenderer.supported_dtypes(self) if d != dtypes.double}

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from typing import cast, Callable
import struct
from collections import defaultdict
from tinygrad.codegen.opt import tc
from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, GroupOp
from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, DType, AddrSpace
from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import CUDARenderer
from tinygrad.helpers import flatten, prod, unwrap, Target
def render_val(x, dtype):
if dtypes.is_float(dtype):
if dtype == dtypes.double: return "0d%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X" % tuple(struct.pack("d",x)[::-1])
if dtype == dtypes.half: return "0x%02X%02X" % tuple(struct.pack("e",x)[::-1])
return "0f%02X%02X%02X%02X" % tuple(struct.pack("f",x)[::-1])
return str(int(x)) + ("U" if dtypes.is_unsigned(dtype) else "")
asm_for_op: dict[Ops, Callable] = {
Ops.RECIPROCAL: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"rcp{'.approx' if dtypes.is_float(dt) else ''}.{name} {d}, {a};",
Ops.EXP2: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"ex2.approx.{name} {d}, {a};", Ops.LOG2: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"lg2.approx.{name} {d}, {a};",
Ops.SIN: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"sin.approx.{name} {d}, {a};", Ops.SQRT: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"sqrt.approx.{name} {d}, {a};",
Ops.TRUNC: lambda d,a,dt,name: f"cvt.rzi.{name}.{name} {d}, {a};",
Ops.SHR: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"shr.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};", Ops.SHL: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"shl.b{name[1:]} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.ADD: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"{'or' if dt == dtypes.bool else 'add'}.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.MUL: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"{'and' if dt == dtypes.bool else 'mul'}{'.lo' if dtypes.is_int(dt) else ''}.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.XOR: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"xor.pred {d}, {a}, {b};" if dt == dtypes.bool else f"xor.b{name[1:]} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.AND: lambda d,a,b,dt, name: f"and.pred {d}, {a}, {b};" if dt == dtypes.bool else f"and.b{name[1:]} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.OR: lambda d,a,b,dt, name: f"or.pred {d}, {a}, {b};" if dt == dtypes.bool else f"or.b{name[1:]} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.CDIV: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"div.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};", Ops.CMOD: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"rem.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.MAX: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"max.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};", Ops.CMPEQ: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"setp.eq.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.CMPLT: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"setp.lt.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.CMPNE: lambda d,a,b,dt,name: f"setp.{'neu' if dtypes.is_float(dt) else 'ne'}.{name} {d}, {a}, {b};",
Ops.MULACC: lambda d,a,b,c,dt,name: f"{'fma.rn' if dtypes.is_float(dt) else 'mad.lo'}.{name} {d}, {a}, {b}, {c};",
Ops.WHERE: lambda d,a,b,c,dt,name: [f"@{a} mov.{name} {d}, {b};", f"@!{a} mov.{name} {d}, {c};"] if dt == dtypes.bool else \
f"selp.{'b16' if name == 'f16' else name} {d}, {b}, {c}, {a};"
}
supports_half = (Ops.EXP2, Ops.ADD, Ops.MUL, Ops.MAX, Ops.CMPLT, Ops.WHERE, Ops.TRUNC)
doesnt_support_half: tuple[Ops, ...] = tuple(op for op in asm_for_op.keys() if op not in supports_half)
ptx_matcher = PatternMatcher([
# bool CMPNE is XOR, bool CMPLT is XOR+AND (universal makes this slow, this is for renderer only)
(UPat.var('x', dtype=dtypes.bool).ne(UPat.var('y')), lambda x,y: x^y),
(UPat.var('x', dtype=dtypes.bool).alu(Ops.CMPEQ, UPat.var('y')), lambda x,y: (x^y)^True),
(UPat.var('x', dtype=dtypes.bool)<UPat.var('y'), lambda x,y: (x^True)&y),
# upcast to float32 all the ops that don't support half
(UPat(doesnt_support_half, dtype=dtypes.half, name="x"),
lambda x: (UOp(x.op, src=tuple(vv.cast(dtypes.float32) for vv in x.src), arg=x.arg).cast(dtypes.half))),
# load/store bool -> uint8 (only for memory, not registers)
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.bool, src=(UPat(name="idx"),), name="x", allow_any_len=True),
lambda x,idx: UOp(x.op, dtypes.uint8, x.src[0:1] + ((x.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint8),) if len(x.src) >= 2 else ()) + x.src[2:]).cast(dtypes.bool) \
if idx.addrspace != AddrSpace.REG else None),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat(name="idx"), UPat(dtype=dtypes.bool)), name="x", allow_any_len=True),
lambda x,idx: UOp(x.op, src=(x.src[0], x.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint8))+x.src[2:]) if idx.addrspace != AddrSpace.REG else None),
# ptx shr and shl instructions require y to be uint
(UPat.var("x") << UPat.var("y"), lambda x,y: UOp(Ops.SHL, x.dtype, (x,y.cast(dtypes.uint))) if y.dtype != dtypes.uint else None),
(UPat.var("x") >> UPat.var("y"), lambda x,y: UOp(Ops.SHR, x.dtype, (x,y.cast(dtypes.uint))) if y.dtype != dtypes.uint else None),
])
def mem_type(x:UOp) -> str: return 'shared' if x.addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL else 'global'
def render_wmma(ctx: "PTXRenderer", wmma: UOp):
assert ctx.wmma_r, "registry values for wmma must be populated"
(N, M, K), dtype_in, dtype_out = wmma.arg[0], wmma.arg[1], wmma.dtype
for src, regs in zip(wmma.src, ctx.wmma_r):
for i, reg in enumerate(regs): # pack input and acc registers
if (elems_per_reg := 4 // src.dtype.scalar().itemsize) == 1: yield f"mov.b32 {reg}, {ctx.r[src][i]};"
else: yield f"mov.b32 {reg}, {{{', '.join(ctx.r[src][i * elems_per_reg : (i+1) * elems_per_reg])}}};"
dt_map_in, dt_map_out = {dtypes.float: "tf32", dtypes.half: "f16"}, {dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.half: "f16"}
yield f'mma.sync.aligned.m{M}n{N}k{K}.row.col.{dt_map_out[dtype_out]}.{dt_map_in[dtype_in]}.{dt_map_in[dtype_in]}.{dt_map_out[dtype_out]}{" "*12}'+\
f'{{{", ".join(ctx.wmma_r[2])}}}, {{{", ".join(ctx.wmma_r[0])}}}, {{{", ".join(ctx.wmma_r[1])}}}, {{{", ".join(ctx.wmma_r[2])}}};'
for i, reg in enumerate(ctx.wmma_r[2]): # unpack acc registers
if (elems_per_reg := 4 // dtype_out.itemsize) == 1: yield f"mov.b32 {ctx.r[wmma][i]}, {reg};"
else: yield f"mov.b32 {{{', '.join(ctx.r[wmma][i * elems_per_reg : (i+1) * elems_per_reg])}}}, {reg};"
def modifier(a: DType, b: DType): return '.rzi' if dtypes.is_int(a) and dtypes.is_float(b) else '.rn' if dtypes.is_float(a) and \
(a.itemsize < b.itemsize or dtypes.is_int(b) or b == dtypes.bool) else ''
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat.cvar("x", dtypes.bool), lambda ctx, x: f"setp.ne.s16 {ctx.r[x]}, {render_val(x.val, x.dtype)}, 0;"),
(UPat.cvar("x"), lambda ctx, x: f"mov.b{ctx.types[x.dtype][1:]} {ctx.r[x]}, {render_val(x.val, x.dtype)};"),
(UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"mov.u32 %{x.arg}, %{'ctaid' if x.arg[0] == 'g' else 'tid'}.{chr(120+int(x.arg[-1]))};"),
(UPat(Ops.PARAM, name="x"), lambda ctx, x:
f"ld.param.{ctx.types[dtypes.ulong] if x.addrspace is AddrSpace.GLOBAL else ctx.mem_types[x.dtype]} {ctx.r[x]}, [data{x.arg.slot}+0];"),
# address computation: addr = buf + idx*itemsize
(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("idx")), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx, x, buf, idx:
[f"cvt.s64.{ctx.types[idx.dtype]} {ctx.r[x]}, {ctx.r[idx]};", f"mad.lo.s64 {ctx.r[x]}, {ctx.r[x]}, {x.dtype.itemsize}, {ctx.r[buf]};"]),
(UPat((Ops.CMPLT, Ops.CMPNE, Ops.CMPEQ), name="x", allow_any_len=True, src=(UPat.var("src0"),)),
lambda ctx, x, src0: ctx.code_for_op[x.op](ctx.r[x], *[ctx.r[v] for v in x.src], src0.dtype, ctx.types[src0.dtype])),
(UPat(GroupOp.ALU, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: ctx.code_for_op[x.op](ctx.r[x], *[ctx.r[v] for v in x.src], x.dtype, ctx.types[x.dtype])),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x", src=(UPat.var("a"),), allow_any_len=True), lambda ctx, x, a: f"mov.b{ctx.types[x.dtype][1:]} {ctx.r[x]}, {ctx.r[a]};"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", src=(UPat(dtype=dtypes.bool, name="a"),)),
lambda ctx, x, a: f"selp.b{ctx.types[x.dtype][1:]} {ctx.r[x]}, {render_val(1, x.dtype)}, {render_val(0, x.dtype)}, {ctx.r[a]};"),
(UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", src=(UPat.var("a"),)),
lambda ctx, x, a: f"cvt{modifier(x.dtype, a.dtype)}.{ctx.cast_types[x.dtype]}.{ctx.cast_types[a.dtype]} {ctx.r[x]}, {ctx.r[a]};"),
# store / gated load / load
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat(name="loc"), UPat.var("var"))), lambda ctx, loc, var:
f"mov.{'pred' if var.dtype == dtypes.bool else 'b'+ctx.types[var.dtype][1:]} {ctx.r[loc]}, {ctx.r[var]};" \
if loc.addrspace == AddrSpace.REG else None),
(UPat(Ops.STORE, src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="loc"), UPat.var("var"))),
lambda ctx, loc, var: f"st.{mem_type(loc)}" + \
f"{f'.v{cnt}' if ((cnt:=var.max_numel())>1) else ''}.{ctx.mem_types[var.dtype.scalar()]} " + \
f"[{ctx.r[loc]}+0], {('{' + ', '.join(ctx.r[var]) + '}') if var.max_numel() > 1 else ctx.r[var]};"),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, name="x", src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="loc"), UPat.var("alt"), UPat.var("gate"))),
lambda ctx, x, loc, alt, gate: flatten([
[f"mov.{ctx.mem_types[x.dtype.scalar()]} {v}, {render_val(0, x.dtype.scalar())};" for v in ctx.r[x]],
[f"@{ctx.r[gate]} ld.{mem_type(loc)}.v{x.max_numel()}.{ctx.mem_types[x.dtype.scalar()]} {{{', '.join(ctx.r[x])}}}, [{ctx.r[loc]}+0];"]
]) if alt.max_numel() > 1 else [
f"@{ctx.r[gate]} ld.{mem_type(loc)}.{ctx.mem_types[x.dtype.scalar()]} {ctx.r[x]}, [{ctx.r[loc]}+0];",
f"@!{ctx.r[gate]} mov.b{ctx.types[x.dtype.scalar()][1:]} {ctx.r[x]}, {ctx.r[alt]};"]),
(UPat(Ops.LOAD, name="x", src=(UPat((Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK), name="loc"),)),
lambda ctx, x, loc: f"ld.{mem_type(loc)}.v{x.max_numel()}.{ctx.mem_types[x.dtype.scalar()]} {{{', '.join(ctx.r[x])}}}, [{ctx.r[loc]}+0];" \
if x.max_numel() > 1 else f"ld.{mem_type(loc)}.{ctx.mem_types[x.dtype]} {ctx.r[x]}, [{ctx.r[loc]}+0];"),
# simple
(UPat(Ops.BUFFER, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: [] if x.addrspace == AddrSpace.REG else [
f".shared .align 16 .b8 local{x.arg.slot}[{x.max_numel()*x.dtype.itemsize}];", f"mov.u64 {ctx.r[x]}, local{x.arg.slot}[0];"]),
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, dtypes.void, name="l"), lambda ctx, l: f"WAITLOOP_{ctx.uops.index(l)}:"),
(UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE, dtypes.void, name="l"), UPat(name="c"))), lambda ctx, l, c:
f"@{ctx.r[c]} bra WAITLOOP_{ctx.uops.index(l)};"),
(UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="r"), lambda ctx, r: [
f"mov.u32 {ctx.r[r]}, -1;",
f"bra END_{ctx.r[r][1:]};",
"LOOP_" + f"{ctx.r[r][1:]}:"]),
(UPat(Ops.END, name="x", src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="r"))), lambda ctx, x, r: [
"END_" + f"{ctx.r[r][1:]}:",
ctx.code_for_op[Ops.ADD](ctx.r[r], ctx.r[r], "1", dtypes.int, ctx.types[dtypes.int]),
ctx.code_for_op[Ops.CMPLT](ctx.r[x], ctx.r[r], ctx.r[r.src[0]], dtypes.int, ctx.types[dtypes.int]),
f"@{ctx.r[x]} bra LOOP_{ctx.r[r][1:]};"]),
(UPat(Ops.IF, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f"@!{ctx.r[x.src[0]]} bra IF_{ctx.r[x.src[0]][1:]}_{ctx.uops.index(x)};"),
(UPat(Ops.ENDIF, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f"IF_{ctx.r[x.src[0].src[0]][1:]}_{ctx.uops.index(x.src[0])}:"),
(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: list(render_wmma(ctx, x))),
(UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: ctx.barrier),
])
class PTXRenderer(Renderer):
suffix = "PTX"
global_max, local_max, shared_max = CUDARenderer.global_max, CUDARenderer.local_max, CUDARenderer.shared_max
tc_sm80 = [x for x in tc.cuda_sm80 if x.dtype_in in [dtypes.half, dtypes.float]]
code_for_op = asm_for_op
extra_matcher = ptx_matcher
def __init__(self, target:Target):
super().__init__(target)
from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cuda import NVPTXCompiler, PTXCompiler
self.compiler = (PTXCompiler if target.interface.startswith("MOCK") or target.device == "CUDA" else NVPTXCompiler)(target.arch)
self.tensor_cores = PTXRenderer.tc_sm80 if (ver:=int(target.arch[3:])) >= 80 else tc.cuda_sm75 if ver >= 75 else []
if ver < 80: self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([(UPat((Ops.MAX, Ops.EXP2), dtype=dtypes.half, name="x"),
lambda x: UOp(x.op, src=tuple(vv.cast(dtypes.float32) for vv in x.src), arg=x.arg).cast(dtypes.half))])
# language options
kernel_prefix = """.version VERSION
.target TARGET
.address_size 64
.visible .entry"""
barrier = "bar.sync\t0;"
types: dict[DType, str] = { dtypes.int8: "s16", dtypes.int16: "s16", dtypes.int32: "s32", dtypes.int64: "s64",
dtypes.uint8: "u16", dtypes.uint16: "u16", dtypes.uint32: "u32", dtypes.uint64: "u64",
dtypes.float16: "f16", dtypes.float32: "f32", dtypes.float64: "f64", dtypes.bool: "pred" }
mem_types: dict[DType, str] = {**types, dtypes.int8: "s8", dtypes.uint8: "u8", dtypes.bool: "u8", dtypes.float16: "b16"}
cast_types: dict[DType, str] = {**types, dtypes.int8: "s8", dtypes.uint8: "u8"}
def render_kernel(self, kernel, function_name, bufs, regs, uops) -> str:
def fmt(line): return line if line[0]=="$" else "\t" + line.replace(" ", "\t" if len(line.split(" ")[0]) > 7 else "\t\t", 1)
kernel = '\n'.join(map(fmt, [f".reg .{reg.split('_')[-2]} %{reg}<{cnt}>;" for reg,cnt in regs] + kernel + ["ret;"]))
local_dims = [u.src[0] for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == "l"]
launch_bounds = prod([d.vmax for d in local_dims])
params = ',\n\t'.join([f".param .{'u64' if u.addrspace is AddrSpace.GLOBAL else self.types[u.dtype]} {name}" for name,u in bufs])
return f"{self.kernel_prefix.format(launch_bounds=launch_bounds)} {function_name} (\n\t{params}\n)\n.maxntid {launch_bounds}\n{{\n{kernel}\n}}"
def render(self, uops:list[UOp]) -> str:
kernel:list[str] = []
bufs = []
c: defaultdict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
r: dict[UOp, list[str]|str] = {}
self.r = r
self.uops = uops
def ssa(prefix:str, u:UOp|None=None, dtype:str|None=None) -> str:
nonlocal c
prefix += f"_{dtype if dtype is not None else self.types[unwrap(u).dtype]}_"
c[prefix] += 1
return f"%{prefix}{c[prefix]-1}"
name = "test"
for u in uops:
if u.op in {Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP}: continue
if u.op is Ops.AFTER:
self.r[u] = self.r[u.src[0]]
continue
if u.op is Ops.SINK:
if u.arg is not None: name = u.arg.function_name
continue
if u.op is Ops.STACK:
r[u] = [cast(str,r[x]) for x in u.src]
continue
if u.op is Ops.BUFFER and u.addrspace == AddrSpace.REG:
r[u] = [ssa("reg", u, self.types[u.dtype.scalar()]) for _ in range(u.max_numel())]
continue
if u.op in {Ops.INDEX, Ops.SHRINK, Ops.LOAD} and u.src[0].addrspace in (AddrSpace.REG, AddrSpace.ALU):
# on REG, INDEX/SHRINK pick the register (must be CONST) and LOAD is a noop
if u.op is not Ops.LOAD and u.src[1].op is not Ops.CONST:
raise RuntimeError(f"PTX does not support dynamic register indexing: {u}")
r[u] = r[u.src[0]] if u.op is Ops.LOAD else r[u.src[0]][u.src[1].val]
continue
if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL: r[u] = "%" + u.arg
elif u.op is Ops.LOAD:
r[u] = [ssa('val', dtype=self.types[u.dtype.scalar()]) for _ in range(u.max_numel())] if u.max_numel() > 1 else ssa('val', u)
elif u.op is Ops.PARAM: bufs.append((f"data{u.arg.slot}", u))
elif u.op is Ops.WMMA:
# registers for packing/unpacking input and acc
self.wmma_r = [[ssa("wmma_in", dtype="b32") for _ in range(0, len(r[u.src[0]]), 4 // u.src[0].dtype.scalar().itemsize)],
[ssa("wmma_in", dtype="b32") for _ in range(0, len(r[u.src[1]]), 4 // u.src[0].dtype.scalar().itemsize)],
[ssa("wmma_acc", dtype="b32") for _ in range(0, len(r[u.src[2]]), 4 // u.dtype.scalar().itemsize)]]
r[u] = [ssa("wmma", dtype=self.types[u.dtype.scalar()]) for _ in range(u.max_numel())]
prefix, dtype = {Ops.CAST: ("cast", None), Ops.BITCAST: ("cast", None), Ops.END: ("pred", "pred"), Ops.RANGE: ("ridx", None),
Ops.CONST: ("const", None), Ops.BUFFER: ("local", "u64"), Ops.INDEX: ("bidx", "u64"), Ops.SHRINK: ("bidx", "u64"),
Ops.PARAM: ("dat", "u64" if u.addrspace is AddrSpace.GLOBAL else None), **{op: ("alu", None) for op in GroupOp.ALU}}.get(u.op, (None, None))
if u.op is Ops.RANGE and u.dtype == dtypes.void: prefix = None # loop headers don't have a register
if prefix: r[u] = ssa(prefix, u, dtype)
l: str|list[str]|None = string_rewrite.rewrite(u, ctx=self)
if l is None:
raise RuntimeError(f"failed to render {u.op} with {u.dtype} srcs {[x.dtype for x in u.src]}")
kernel.extend([l] if isinstance(l, str) else l)
if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL: kernel = [f".reg .u32 %{u.arg};"] + kernel
return self.render_kernel(kernel, name, bufs, c.items(), uops)
def supported_dtypes(self): return {d for d in super().supported_dtypes()
if (d != dtypes.half or int(self.target.arch[3:]) >= 53) and d not in dtypes.fp8s+(dtypes.bfloat16,)}

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from tinygrad.dtype import DType, dtypes, truncate, AddrSpace
from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, PatternMatcher, UPat
from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import CStyleLanguage, base_rewrite
from tinygrad.helpers import strip_parens
def _mask(dt:DType): return 0xFF if dt.itemsize == 1 else 0xFFFF
def sign_extend(val:UOp, sext_am:int):
return (UOp.where((val >> (sext_am - 1)) > 0, UOp.const(0xffffffff << sext_am, dtypes.uint32), UOp.const(0, dtypes.uint32)) \
| val.bitcast(dtypes.uint32)).bitcast(dtypes.int)
# store for char: buf[idx/4] <- (var << (idx%4)*8))
def packed_store(bidx:UOp, var:UOp, gate:UOp|None=None):
elems, mask = 4//var.dtype.itemsize, _mask(var.dtype)
shift_am, div_idx = (bidx.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint32) % elems) * (8*var.dtype.itemsize), bidx.src[1] // elems
# bool does its mask math at int32: renderer rewrites run after weak dtypes are lowered, and bool & 0xFF would create a weakint const
if var.dtype == dtypes.bool: var = var.cast(dtypes.int32)
new_v, wmask = (var & mask).cast(dtypes.uint32) << shift_am, ((mask << shift_am) ^ 0xFFFFFFFF).cast(dtypes.uint32)
idx = UOp(Ops.INDEX, src=(bidx.src[0], div_idx))
buf = UOp.load(idx, *((UOp.const(0, dtypes.uint32), gate) if gate is not None else ()), dtype=dtypes.uint32)
return UOp.store(idx, (buf & wmask) | new_v, *((gate,) if gate is not None else ()))
# load for char: sign_extend(buf[idx/4] >> ((idx%4)*8))
def packed_load(root:UOp, bidx:UOp, dtype:DType, var:UOp|None=None, gate:UOp|None=None):
elems, mask = 4//dtype.itemsize, _mask(dtype)
shift_am, div_idx = (bidx.src[1].cast(dtypes.uint32) % elems) * (8*dtype.itemsize), bidx.src[1] // elems
idx = UOp(Ops.INDEX, src=(bidx.src[0], div_idx))
load = UOp.load(idx, *((var, gate) if var is not None and gate is not None else root.src[1:]), dtype=dtypes.uint32, arg=root.arg)
val = (load.cast(dtypes.uint32) >> shift_am) & mask
return sign_extend(val, 8*dtype.itemsize).cast(dtype) if dtype in [dtypes.char, dtypes.short] else val.cast(dtype)
def is_packed(x:UOp):
if x.op is Ops.LOAD: dt, addrspace = x.dtype, x.src[0].addrspace
elif x.op is Ops.STORE: dt, addrspace = x.src[1].dtype, x.src[0].addrspace
else: dt, addrspace = x.dtype, x.addrspace
return dt.itemsize < 4 and dt != dtypes.half and addrspace != AddrSpace.REG
def _packed_size(u:UOp): return u.max_numel() // (4//u.dtype.itemsize) if is_packed(u) else u.max_numel()
def is_nan(a):
bs, (exp, mant) = a.dtype.bitsize, dtypes.finfo(a.dtype)
return (a.bitcast(getattr(dtypes, f"uint{bs}")) & ((1 << (bs - 1)) - 1)) > (((1 << exp) - 1) << mant)
wgsl_matcher = PatternMatcher([
(UPat((Ops.CMPLT, Ops.XOR), src=(UPat(name="a", dtype=dtypes.bool), UPat.var("b")), name="c"),
lambda a,b,c: a.cast(dtypes.int).alu(c.op, b.cast(dtypes.int)).cast(dtypes.bool)),
(UPat.load(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("c"), UPat.var("gate"), name="l"),
lambda l,b,c,gate: packed_load(l,b,l.dtype,c.cast(dtypes.uint32),gate) if is_packed(l) else None),
(UPat.load(UPat.var("b"), name='l'), lambda l,b: packed_load(l,b,l.dtype) if is_packed(l) else None),
(UPat.store(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("var"), UPat.var("gate"), name="s"),
lambda b,var,gate,s: packed_store(b,var,gate) if is_packed(s) else None),
(UPat.store(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("var"), name="s"), lambda b,var,s: packed_store(b,var) if is_packed(s) else None),
(UPat.var("a") << UPat.var("b"),lambda a,b:(a.bitcast(dtypes.uint32)<<b.cast(dtypes.uint32)).bitcast(a.dtype) if b.dtype!=dtypes.uint32 else None),
(UPat.var("x") >> UPat.var("y"), lambda x,y: UOp(Ops.SHR, x.dtype, (x,y.cast(dtypes.uint))) if y.dtype != dtypes.uint else None),
# fix nan check: 'a != a -> is_nan()'
(UPat.var("a") != UPat.var("a"), is_nan),
])
class WGSLRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
global_max = (65535, 65535, 65535)
local_max = (256, 256, 64)
code_for_workitem = {"g": lambda x: f"i32(gindex.{'xyz'[int(x)]})", "l": lambda x: f"i32(lindex.{'xyz'[int(x)]})"}
extra_matcher = wgsl_matcher
supports_float4 = False
barrier = "workgroupBarrier();"
code_for_op = {**CStyleLanguage.code_for_op, Ops.WHERE: lambda a,b,c,dtype: f"select({c},{b},{a})"}
nan = "nan()"
type_map = { dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.uchar: "u32", dtypes.ushort: "u32", dtypes.short: "i32",
dtypes.char: "i32", dtypes.int32: "i32", dtypes.uint32: "u32", dtypes.bool: "bool", dtypes.half: "f16" }
string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
(UPat(Ops.NEG, dtypes.uints, src=(UPat.var('x'))), lambda ctx,x: f"(0-{ctx[x]})"),
(UPat.cvar("x", dtype=dtypes.bool), lambda x: "true" if x.val else "false"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=(dtypes.uchar, dtypes.ushort, dtypes.uint32), name="x"),
lambda x: f"bitcast<u32>({x.val})" if x.val < 0 else f"{x.val&0xFFFFFFFF}u"),
(UPat(Ops.CONST, dtype=dtypes.int32, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{truncate[x.dtype](x.val)}"),
(UPat(Ops.BUFFER, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
f"var{'<workgroup>' if x.addrspace == AddrSpace.LOCAL else ''} {ctx[x]}: array<{ctx.buf_map(x)},{_packed_size(x)}>;"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtype=dtypes.half, name="x", src=(UPat(dtype=(dtypes.short, dtypes.ushort, dtypes.uint32),),)),
lambda ctx,x: f"bitcast<vec2<f16>>({ctx[x.src[0]]})[0]"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtype=dtypes.uchar, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"bitcast<u32>({ctx[x.src[0]]}&0xFF)"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtype=dtypes.char, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"((i32({ctx[x.src[0]]}&0xFF)<<24)>>24)"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtype=dtypes.ushort, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"bitcast<u32>(vec2<f16>({ctx[x.src[0]]},0))" \
if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.half else f"bitcast<u32>({ctx[x.src[0]]}&0xFFFF)"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, dtype=dtypes.short, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"bitcast<i32>(vec2<f16>({ctx[x.src[0]]},0))" \
if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.half else f"((i32({ctx[x.src[0]]}&0xFFFF)<<16)>>16)"),
(UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"bitcast<{ctx.type_map[x.dtype]}>({ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
(UPat.load(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("v"), UPat.var("gate")),
lambda ctx,b,v,gate: f"select({ctx[v]}, {ctx.render_load(ctx[b], b.src[0])}, {ctx[gate]})"),
(UPat.load(UPat.var("b")), lambda ctx, b: ctx.render_load(ctx[b], b)),
(UPat.store(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("v")), lambda ctx,b,v:\
# (load & mask) | var -> mask = v.src[0].src[1], var = v.src[1]
f"atomicAnd(&{ctx[b]},{ctx[v.src[0].src[1]]});\n atomicAdd(&{ctx[b]},{ctx[v.src[1]]});" if is_packed(b) \
else f"{ctx[b]} = {ctx[v]};"),
(UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("b"), UPat.var("idx"))),
lambda ctx,b,idx: f"{ctx[b]}[{strip_parens(ctx[idx]) if idx.arg is Ops.ADD else ctx[idx]}]"),
]) + base_rewrite
def render_cast(self, u:UOp, val: str) -> str: return f"{self.type_map[u.dtype]}({val})"
def _render_dtype(self, dtype:DType, sz:int=1, addrspace=AddrSpace.REG, mutable=True, override_ptr=False, shape=None): return "var"
def render_load(self, x:str, u:UOp) -> str: return f"atomicLoad(&{x})" if is_packed(u) else x
def buf_map(self, u:UOp) -> str: return "atomic<u32>" if is_packed(u) else self.type_map[u.dtype]
def render_kernel(self, function_name:str, kernel:list[str], bufs:list[tuple[str,tuple[UOp,bool]]], uops:list[UOp], prefix=None) -> str:
local_size = [u.src[0].ssimplify() for u in sorted([u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == 'l'], key=lambda u: u.arg)]
if not local_size: local_size = [1]
bind_it = iter(range(len(bufs)))
external_local_bufs = [line.lstrip() for line in kernel if "var<workgroup>" in line]
kernel[:] = [line for line in kernel if "var<workgroup>" not in line]
prg = "enable f16;\n" if any(uop.dtype == dtypes.half for uop in uops) else ""
prg += "fn nan() -> f32 { let bits = 0xffffffffu; return bitcast<f32>(bits); }\n"
prg += "@group(0) @binding(0)\nvar<uniform> INFINITY : f32;\n"
prg += "\n".join((external_local_bufs or [])+[f"@group(0) @binding({next(bind_it)+1})" +
f"{'var<storage,read_write>' if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else 'var<uniform>'}" +
f"{name}:{f'array<{self.buf_map(u)}>' if u.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else self.buf_map(u)};" for name,(u,_) in bufs])
prg += f"\n@compute @workgroup_size({','.join([str(x) for x in local_size])}) fn {function_name}(@builtin(workgroup_id) gindex: vec3<u32>,"
return prg + "@builtin(local_invocation_id) lindex: vec3<u32>) {\n" + "\n".join(kernel) + "\n}"
def supported_dtypes(self): return {dtypes.bool, dtypes.char, dtypes.uchar, dtypes.short, dtypes.ushort, dtypes.int32, dtypes.uint32,
dtypes.float, *((dtypes.half,) if "shader-f16" in self.target.arch else ())}